Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for Thyroid Cancer and Intake of Select Food Groups at Ages 12–13 Years and 10 Years Before Baseline
| Ages 12–13 years
|
10 years before baseline
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (frequency/day) |
Cases | HR (95% CI)a | Median (frequency/day) |
Cases | HR (95% CI)b | |
| Grainsc | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 0.44 | 87 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.30 | 91 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quartile 2 | 0.80 | 106 | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) | 0.73 | 73 | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.02 | 54 | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) | 1.03 | 83 | 0.99 (0.71–1.39) |
| Quartile 4 | 2.02 | 78 | 0.77 (0.54–1.09) | 2.02 | 76 | 0.76 (0.52–1.10) |
| P-trendd | 0.14 | 0.41 | ||||
| Vegetablese | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 0.57 | 80 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.66 | 76 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quartile 2 | 1.14 | 80 | 0.94 (0.69–1.29) | 1.28 | 94 | 1.17 (0.86–1.59) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.70 | 87 | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) | 1.90 | 74 | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) |
| Quartile 4 | 2.65 | 78 | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 2.85 | 79 | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) |
| P-trendd | 0.37 | 0.29 | ||||
| Fruitf | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 0.15 | 80 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.21 | 78 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quartile 2 | 0.52 | 70 | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 0.71 | 83 | 1.07 (0.79–1.47) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.08 | 88 | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) | 1.21 | 80 | 1.03 (0.75–1.42) |
| Quartile 4 | 2.00 | 87 | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 2.02 | 82 | 0.96 (0.69–1.33) |
| P-trendd | 0.55 | 0.74 | ||||
| Dairyg | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 0.58 | 82 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.38 | 76 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quartile 2 | 1.21 | 70 | 0.83 (0.59–1.17) | 0.99 | 70 | 0.95 (0.68–1.34) |
| Quartile 3 | 2.21 | 89 | 1.07 (0.73–1.56) | 1.44 | 90 | 1.25 (0.88–1.77) |
| Quartile 4 | 3.71 | 84 | 1.32 (0.85–2.06) | 2.46 | 87 | 1.17 (0.80–1.71) |
| P-trendd | 0.17 | 0.24 | ||||
| Chicken and turkeyh | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 0–0.03 | 27 | 1.00 (reference) | 0–0.03 | 14 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quartile 2 | 0.04–0.13 | 76 | 1.03 (0.66–1.60) | 0.04–0.13 | 80 | 1.50 (0.85–2.65) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.14–0.41 | 171 | 1.39 (0.91–2.12) | 0.14–0.41 | 166 | 1.44 (0.83–2.50) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.42 | 51 | 1.59 (0.97–2.60) | 0.42 | 63 | 1.33 (0.74–2.40) |
| P-trendd | <0.01 | 0.85 | ||||
| Red meati | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 0.36 | 86 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.18 | 96 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quartile 2 | 0.78 | 87 | 1.25 (0.92–1.71) | 0.51 | 80 | 0.86 (0.64–1.17) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.21 | 85 | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) | 0.86 | 77 | 0.80 (0.57–1.10) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.92 | 67 | 0.91 (0.61–1.36) | 1.36 | 70 | 0.78 (0.54–1.14) |
| P-trendd | 0.53 | 0.17 | ||||
| Canned tunah | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 0 | 79 | 1.00 (reference) | 0 | 26 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quartile 2 | 0.01–0.03 | 66 | 1.12 (0.80–1.55) | 0.01–0.03 | 84 | 1.08 (0.70–1.68) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.04–0.13 | 101 | 1.28 (0.94–1.72) | 0.04–0.13 | 114 | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) |
| Quartile 4 | ||||||
| Quartile 3 | 1.00 | 85 | 0.81 (0.59–1.12) | 0.85 | 73 | 0.99 (0.71–1.38) |
| Quartile 4 | 2.00 | 71 | 0.64 (0.44–0.91) | 2.00 | 64 | 0.66 (0.46–0.95) |
| P-trendd | 0.02 | 0.03 | ||||
| Sweet baked goodsj | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 0.13 | 76 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.07 | 80 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quartile 2 | 0.44 | 78 | 1.10 (0.79–1.52) | 0.25 | 78 | 1.31 (0.95–1.79) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.78 | 86 | 1.06 (0.75–1.49) | 0.58 | 76 | 1.24 (0.89–1.74) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.57 | 85 | 1.59 (1.09–2.34) | 1.21 | 89 | 1.39 (0.96–2.00) |
| P-trendd | 0.04 | 0.11 | ||||
CI – Confidence Interval; HR – Hazard Ratio
Adjusted for total energy intake at ages 12–13 years, sex, race/ethnicity, and education with age as the underlying time metric
Adjusted for total energy intake 10 years before baseline, sex, race/ethnicity, and education with age as the underlying time metric
White bread or rolls and dark bread or rolls (rye, whole grain, whole wheat, pumpernickel)
P-trend calculated by modeling the categorical variable as continuous
Broccoli, carrots, lettuce salads, fresh tomatoes, tomato or vegetable soup, beans (such as baked beans, refried beans, pintos, kidney, or limas), and other vegetables (such as corn, peas, and green beans)
Fresh, uncooked apples, orange or grapefruit juice, oranges, grapefruit, tangerines, and canned fruits (such as peaches, pears, and applesauce)
Whole and low-fat milks, cheese and cheese spreads, pizza, and ice cream and milk shakes
Due to clustering at specific intakes, categories were assigned
Bacon, sausage, cold cuts/luncheon meats (such as ham, bologna, salami, corned beef, or pastrami), hotdogs/frankfurters, ground beef (in hamburgers, meatloaf, meatballs, or casseroles), roast beef, and steak
Cookies, brownies, cake, donuts, sweet rolls, danish, sweet muffins, and dessert breads