Table 1.
Characteristics of children (0–17) and families, by immigrant family type
| Immigrant family type |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-generation | Second-generation |
Third-generation | p value | ||
| Immigrant child/ both immigrant parents (n = 1668) (%a) |
Native-born child/both immigrant parents (n = 4566) (%a) |
Native-born child/one immigrant parent (n = 7076) (%a) |
Native-born child/both native-born parents (n = 70,218) (%a) |
||
| Child’s race/ethnicity | <0.001*** | ||||
| Hispanic | 62.4 | 65.3 | 47.6 | 8.8 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 9.6 | 5.5 | 30.2 | 69.8 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11.4 | 6.8 | 8.2 | 15.1 | |
| Non-Hispanic multiracial | 0.8 | 0.7 | 8.1 | 4.3 | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 15.9 | 21.7 | 5.9 | 2.1 | |
| Child’s sex | |||||
| Male | 49.8 | 51.5 | 52.3 | 51.0 | 0.85 |
| Child’s mean age, years (SE) | 11.5 (0.2) | 7.0 (0.2) | 7.9 (0.2) | 8.6 (0.1) | <0.001*** |
| Child’s usual place of care | |||||
| No | 21.7 | 11.4 | 5.9 | 3.1 | <0.001*** |
| Child’s health status | <0.001*** | ||||
| Excellent | 35.3 | 45.9 | 58.9 | 65.8 | |
| Very good | 22.5 | 23.5 | 19.6 | 23.1 | |
| Good | 29.6 | 25.2 | 15.3 | 8.8 | |
| Fair | 12.4 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 2.0 | |
| Poor | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.4 | |
| Child’s type of insurance | <0.001*** | ||||
| None | 44.6 | 12.6 | 11.1 | 6.5 | |
| Medicaid | 20.8 | 49.0 | 29.5 | 25.0 | |
| Private | 34.7 | 38.4 | 59.4 | 68.5 | |
| Family structure | <0.001*** | ||||
| Two parents | 80.5 | 99.8 | 72.8 | 77.8 | |
| Single mother | 19.3 | – | 24.3 | 22.0 | |
| Other family types | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 0.3 | |
| Number of children in the household | <0.001*** | ||||
| 1 | 21.5 | 16.4 | 21.1 | 23.3 | |
| 2 | 33.3 | 36.7 | 41.4 | 39.8 | |
| 3 or 4 | 45.2 | 46.9 | 37.5 | 36.9 | |
| Mother’s age | <0.001*** | ||||
| 20–29 years | 12.7 | 20.3 | 16.4 | 16.5 | |
| 30–39 years | 43.2 | 46.0 | 40.4 | 41.4 | |
| 40–49 years | 36.1 | 28.5 | 30.9 | 34.2 | |
| 50–59 years | 6.9 | 4.0 | 6.5 | 6.9 | |
| Missing coded | 1.1 | 1.2 | 5.8 | 1.1 | |
| Parent’s mean time in USa, years (SE) | 7.1 (0.3) | 15.1 (0.3) | 27.4 (0.4) | 37.6 (0.1) | <0.001*** |
| English is primary language | 25.3 | 27.6 | 70.6 | 99.3 | <0.001*** |
| Household income | <0.001*** | ||||
| 0–99 % FPL | 45.8 | 35.6 | 22.1 | 14.0 | |
| 100–199 % FPL | 23.9 | 26.4 | 21.1 | 19.8 | |
| 200–299 % FPL | 11.8 | 12.3 | 14.8 | 18.7 | |
| 300–399 % FPL | 5.6 | 7.5 | 11.9 | 15.1 | |
| 400 % + FPL | 13.0 | 18.3 | 30.2 | 32.4 | |
| Highest education in household | <0.001*** | ||||
| Less than high school | 27.9 | 28.9 | 14.1 | 4.7 | |
| High school graduate | 20.8 | 28.1 | 23.8 | 22.2 | |
| More than high school | 51.2 | 43.0 | 62.1 | 73.1 | |
Missing: Child’s sex (81), child’s usual place of care (136), child’s health status (19), child’s type of insurance (726), family structure (47), language preference (41), highest education in household (124)
FPL federal poverty level
* <0.05;
** <0.01;
***
<0.001
a
Weighted percent