Table 3.
Results of the structural model examining the relationships between exposure to violence, future orientation, attitudes about violence, and violent behavior in the full sample (n = 681).
| Direct, indirect and total effects | b (SE) | Standardized estimates |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct effect | Total indirect effects | Total effects | ||
| ECV → FEA | –.10 (.03) | –.22 [–.33, –.11] | ||
| ECV → AV | .07 (.03) | .15 [.03, .27] | .04 [–.001, .08] | .19 [.08, .30] |
| FEA → AV | –.20 (.07) | –.19 [–.35, –.03] | ||
| ECV → VB12 | .10 (.03) | .26 [.13, .38] | .10 [.04, .16 ] | .36 [.24, .48] |
| FEA → VB12 | –.05 (.08) | –.05 [–.21, .10] | –.09 [–.17, –.01] | –.14 [–.28, –.01] |
| AV → VB12 | .37 (.08) | .48 [.37, .59] | ||
| ECV → VB22 | .01 (.04) | .02 [–.14, .17] | .16 [.07, .24] | .17 [.04, .31] |
| FEA → VB22 | –.04 (.07) | –.03 [–.16, .09] | –.07 [–.14, –.02] | –.11 [–.23, .01] |
| AV → VB22 | .17 (.10) | .16 [–.03, .35] | ||
| VB12 → VB22 | .44 (.21) | .33 [.09, .57] | ||
| SES → ECV | .001 (.01) | .01 [–.09, .12] | ||
| SES → FEA | .004 (.002) | .09 [.00, .19] | ||
| Specific indirect effects | Indirect effect |
|---|---|
| ECV → AV → VB12 | .07 [.02, .13] |
| ECV → FEA → AV → VB12 | .02 [–.001, .04] (p = .064) |
| FEA → AV → VB12 | –.09 [–.17, –.01] |
| ECV → VB12 → VB22 | .08 [.01, .16] |
| ECV → FEA → AV | .04 [–.001, .08 ] (p = .056) |
Note. ECV = Exposure to Community Violence in 9th grade. FEA = Future Educational Aspirations in 9th grade. AV = Attitudes about Violence in 12th grade. VB12 = Violent Behavior in 12th Grade. VB22 = Violent Behavior at Age 22. b indicates unstandardized effect. Effect estimates are standardized values unless otherwise noted. Model fit indicators include SB χ2(80) = 64.96, n.s.; CFI = 1.00; TLI = 1.02; RMSEA = .00, CI [.00, .01], SRMR = .03. Only significant specific indirect effects are included.