Table 4.
Results of the structural model examining the relationships between exposure to violence, future orientation, attitudes about violence, and violent behavior for boys and girls.
| Direct, indirect and total effects | Boys (n = 335) |
Girls (n = 346) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (SE) | Direct effect | Total indirect effects | Total effects | b (SE) | Direct effect | Total indirect effects | Total effects | |
| ECV → FEA | –.10 (.03) | –.21 [–.35, –.08] | –.10 (.03) | –.19 [–.30, –.09] | ||||
| ECV → AV | 07 (.03) | .14 [.02, .25] | .04 [–.001, .08] | .18 [.07, .29] | .07 (.03) | .14 [.02, .26] | .04 [–.002, .08] | .18 [.06, .29] |
| FEA → AV | –.20 (.07) | –.19 [–.33, –.03] | –.20 (.07) | –.20 [–.38, –.02] | ||||
| ECV → VB12 | .10 (.03) | .23 [.11, .35], .34] | .10 [.03, .16] | .33 [.21, .45] | .10 (.03) | .29 [.13, .44] | .07 [.02, .13] .16] | .36 [.22, .50] |
| FEA → VB12 | –.02 (.07) | –.02 [–.15, .12] | –.10 [–.18, –.01] | –.12[–.23, .001] .001]1] | –.02 (.06) | –.03 [–.20, .15] | –.08 [–.15, .00] | –.10 [–.25, .05] |
| AV → VB12 | .44 (.11) | .53 [.39, .67] | .26 (.09) | .38 [.21, .56] | ||||
| ECV → VB22 | .02 (.04) | .04 [–.10, .18] | .14 [.06, .21] | .17[.04, .30] | .02 (.04) | .05 [–.14, .24] | .11 [.03, .19] | .16 [–.01, .33] |
| FEA → VB22 | –.02 (.07) | –.02 [–.12, .08] | –.08 [–.15, –.02] | –.10[–.21, .02] | –.02 (.07) | –.03 [–.18, .13] | –.03 [–.08, .03] | –.05 [–.21, .10] |
| AV → VB22 | .36 (.15) | .30 [.08, .52] | .002 (.09) | .002 [–.21, .21] | ||||
| VB12 → VB22 | .34 (.18) | .24 [.02, .45] | .34 (.18) | .28 [.06, .50] | ||||
| SES → ECV | –.001 (.01) | –.01 [–.11, .09] | –.01 (.01) | –.01 [–.11, .09] | ||||
| SES → FEA | .004 (.002) | .10 [.00, .21] | .004 (.002) | .10 [.003, .18] | ||||
| Indirect effect | |
|---|---|
| Specific indirect effects – girls | |
| ECV → AV → VB12 | .05 [.004, .10] |
| ECV → VB12 → VB22 | .08 [.001, .16] |
| ECV → FEA → AV | .04 [–.002, .08](p = .06) |
| FEA → AV → VB12 | –.08 [–.15, .00] |
| Specific indirect effects – boys | |
| ECV → AV → VB12 | .07 [.01, .14] |
| ECV → VB12 → VB22 | .06 [–.001, .11] (p = .055) |
| ECV → FEA → AV | .04 [–.001, .08] (p = .059) |
| FEA → AV → VB12 | –.10 [–.18, –.01] |
Note. ECV = Exposure to Community Violence in 9th grade. FEA = Future Educational Aspirations in 9th grade. AV = Attitudes about Violence in 12th grade. VB12 = Violent Behavior in 12th Grade. VB22 = Violent Behavior at Age 22. SES = family socioeconomic status in 9th grade. b indicates unstandardized effect. Effect estimates are standardized values unless otherwise noted. Model fit indicators include SB χ2(188) = 182.89, n.s.; CFI = 1.00; TLI = 1.01; RMSEA = .00, CI [.00, .02], SRMR = .05. Only significant specific indirect effects are included.