Table 1.

A comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of papillomavirus particles.

HPV Particle Type	Method of Production	Particle and System Advantages	Particle and System Disadvantages
Native Virions	Organotypic raft culture system	Contains the full HPV capsid as well as full HPV genome Assembles and matures over a period of 10–20 days in tissue	Expensive Slow production time
Virus Like Particles (VLPs)	Transfection based system	Quick and inexpensive particle production	Codon modification of L1 and L2 is necessary for production Over-expression system Particles produced in non-relevant cell lines Particle assembly within 48 hours Maturation occurs overnight Deletion of in frame methionines upstream of the consensus methionine in L1 VLPs contain no genomes, which may alter particle structure
Pseudovirions (PsVs)	Transfection based system	Quick and inexpensive particle production Ability to track cellular infectivity
Quasivirions (QVs)	Transfection based system	Quick and inexpensive particle production Contains L1, L2, and a full HPV genome Closest to NVs—retains majority of cell surface exposed conformational epitopes