Table 2.
Description of studies
| Study | Primary domain targeted in training |
Emotion Under standing training (n) |
Com- parison condition (n) |
Total sample size |
Total sample mean age (months) |
Sample type |
External | Mental | Reflective | No. of training sessions |
length of session (min) |
environmental setting |
social setting |
country | post- test delay (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bauminger, 2002 | Recognition, External Causes |
Social- Emotion Intervention (15) |
None | 15 | 135 | HFASD | Em. Inv.: Simple Emotions |
None | Em. Inv.: Complex Emotions |
28 | 180 | classroom | individual | Israel | 0 |
|
Bauminger, 2007a (group) |
Regulation, Mixed Emotions, Moral |
Group Curriculum (25) |
None | 25 | 108 | HFASD | Em. Inv.: Simple Emotions; Affective Matching Measure |
None | Em. Inv.: Complex Emotions |
56 | n.p. | separate room in school |
group | Israel | 0 |
| Bauminger, 2007b | Recognition, External Causes |
Social- Emotion Intervention (19) |
None | 19 | 105 | HFASD | Em. Inv.: Simple Emotions; Affective Matching Measure |
None | Em. Inv.: Complex Emotions |
28 | 180 | separate room in school |
individual | Israel | 0 |
| Begeer et al., 2011 | Recognition, External Causes |
Manualized ToM Training (19) |
Waiting- list (17) |
36 | 123 | ASD | LEAS-C: Total Score |
None | LEAS-C: Mixed and Complex Emotions |
16 | 90 | Outpatient Clinic |
group | Nether lands |
14 |
| *DeLuca, 2004 | Recognition, External Causes, Regulation |
Rational Emotive Education Lessons (23) |
Non- treatment (12) |
46 | 49 | Children with a Disability |
Ability to Verbalize Emotions; Ability to Identify Emotion Causality |
None | Measure of the Ability to Generate Appropriate Alternatives |
12 | 45 | class room |
group | United States of America |
n.p. |
| Dyck & Denver, 2003 | External Causes, Regulation, Moral |
Funny Face Program (14) |
None | 14 | 142 | Deaf Children |
FES; CT; EVT |
None | None | 11 | 45 | class room |
group | Australia | 2,5 |
| Fox et al., 2011 | Recognition | Strengthening Early Emotional Development (16) |
None | 16 | 49 | Anxious Children |
Preschool Emotion Interview |
None | None | 10 | 60 | Out patient Clinic |
group | United States of America |
14 |
| Grazzani & Ornaghi, 2011 | External Causes |
Conver- sational Language Game (50) |
Free Play (50) |
100 | 52 | TD | TEC Level 1 |
TEC Level 2 |
TEC Level 3 |
16 | 15 | separate room in school |
group | Italy | 14 |
| Hadwin et al., 1996 | Recognition, External Causes, Desires, Beliefs |
Teaching Emotional Understanding (10) |
Teaching Belief Under- standing (10) |
20 | 108 | ASD | None | Concept Under- standing of 5 hierarchical Emotion- |
None | 8 | 30 | Lab | individual | United Kingdom |
1 |
| Ornaghi, Brockmeier & Grazzani, 2011 | External Causes |
Language Games (35) |
Free Play (35) |
70 | 46 | TD | TEC Level 1 |
TEC Level 2 |
TEC Level 3 |
16 | 20 | separate room in school |
group | Italy | 14 |
|
Peng et al., 1992, Study 1 |
External Causes, Mixed Emotions |
Mixed Emotion Training (22) |
Active Training (19) |
31 | 74 | TD | None | None | Question about the feelings provoked through a given story |
4 | n.p. | quiet area in school |
individual | United Kingdom |
0 |
|
Peng et al., 1992, Study 2 |
External Causes, Mixed Emotions |
Mixed Emotion Training (37) |
Active (38) |
75 | 72 | TD | None | None | Question of the possibility to feel two ambivalent emotions at the same time |
9 | n.p. | quiet area in school |
individual | United States of America |
0 |
| Pons et al., 2002 | Recognition, External Causes, Regulation, Hiding, Moral |
Schools Matters in Lifeskills Education (18) |
None- active (18) |
36 | 109 | TD | TEC Level 1 |
TEC Level 2 |
TEC Level 3 |
1 | 30 | class- room |
n.p. | United Kingdom |
10,5 |
| Schonert-Reichl, 2012 | Recognition | Roots of Empathy Program (306) |
Treatment as usual (279) |
585 | 127 | TD | Under- standing of an infants crying |
None | None | 27 | 45 | class- room |
group | Canada | 21 |
| Smith, 2011 | Recognition, External Causes |
The Georgia Wolftrap program (41) |
Standard Curri- culum (42) |
83 | 68 | low SES | NEPSY-II: Subscale ToM- Contextual Portion |
None | None | 13 | 50 | class- room |
group | United States of America |
14 |
| Solomon et al., 2004 | Recognition, External Causes, Regulation, Moral |
The Social Adjustment Enhancement Curriculum (9) |
Waiting- list (9) |
18 | 117 | HFASD | DANVA: 2-AF and 2-CF |
None | None | 20 | 90 | lab | group | United States of America |
0 |
|
Steerneman & Huskens, 1996, Study 1 |
External Causes |
Innovative group training (5) |
Waiting- list (5) |
10 | 108 | ASD | Test of Perception of Emotions from Facial Expression and Posture Cues |
None | None | 27 | 60 | n.p. | both | Nether lands |
n.p. |
|
Steerneman & Huskens, 1996, Study 2 |
Recognition, External Causes |
Innovative group training 2 (5) |
None | 5 | 118 | ASD and PDDNOS |
Test of Perception of Emotions from Facial Expression and Posture Cues |
None | None | 21 | 60 | n.p. | group | Nether- lands |
n.p. |
| Tenenbaum et al., 2008 | External Causes, Hiding, Mixed Emotions |
Nine Vignettes: Self- and Experimenter- explanation (69) |
Nine Vignettes: Self- Summary (33) |
102 | 83 | TD | TEC Level 1 |
TEC Level 2 |
TEC Level 3 |
1 | n.p. | multiple locations |
individual | United States of America |
0 |
*
Dissertation
Em. Inv. = Emotion Inventory
HFASD = High-functioning Children with autism spectrum disorder
ASD = Children with autism spectrum disorder
PDD-NOS = pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
TD = typically developed children
Low SES = low social economic status
FES = Fluid Emotions Scale
CT = Comprehension Task
EVT = Emotion Vocabulary Test
NEPSY II – NEuroPSYchological second edition, an instrument designed to assess neuropsychological development in preschool and school-age children
DANVA-2-AF = Diagnostic Analysis of Non-verbal Accuracy-2-Adult Facial Expression
DANVA-2-AF = Diagnostic Analysis of Non-verbal Accuracy-2-Child Facial Expression