Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristic | HIV pregnancy n=634 | Non-HIV pregnancy n=1,132,871 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) age at delivery (years) | 30.8 (5.2) | 30.1 (5.2) | 0.002 |
| 18 to 34 years | 458 (74.5) | 881,796 (79.2) | 0.002 |
| 35 to 49 years | 157 (25.5) | 231,463 (20.8) | |
| Neighborhood income quintile | |||
| 1 (lowest) | 304 (47.9) | 248,914 (22.0) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 142 (22.4) | 225,367 (19.9) | |
| 3 | 66 (10.4) | 230,425 (20.3) | |
| 4 | 73 (11.5) | 234,477 (20.7) | |
| 5 | 45 (7.1) | 189,324 (16.7) | |
| Missing | ≤5 | 4,364 (0.4) | |
| Time since immigration | |||
| 0 to 4 years | 158 (24.9) | 140,121 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| 5 to 9 years | 57 (9.0) | 75,641 (6.7) | |
| 10 or more years | 90 (14.2) | 76,500 (6.8) | |
| Long-term residents | 329 (51.9) | 840,609 (74.2) | |
| Region of birth | |||
| Africa or Caribbean | 254 (40.1) | 39,226 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Canada | 329 (51.9) | 840,609 (74.2) | |
| Other Regions | 51 (8.0) | 253,036 (22.3) | |
| Median (IQR) maternal LOS (days) | 3.0 (2.0 to 4.0) | 2.0 (1.0 to 3.0) | <0.001 |
| Median (IQR) infant LOS (days) | 3.0 (2.0 to 4.0) | 2.0 (1.0 to 3.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 12 (1.9) | 20,211 (1.8) | 0.836 |
| Gestational diabetes | 37 (5.8) | 57,007 (5.0) | 0.355 |
| Hypertension | 23 (3.6) | 29,789 (2.6) | 0.116 |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 22 (3.5) | 50,192 (4.4) | 0.240 |
| Multiple gestation | 19 (3.0) | 19,849 (1.8) | 0.017 |
| Preterm birth | 100 (15.8) | 81,047 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Median (IQR) gestational weeks at delivery | 38 (37–40) | 39 (38–40) | <0.001 |
| Cesarean section | 244 (38.5) | 314,723 (27.8) | <0.001 |
| Induced labor | 114 (18.0) | 238,452 (21.0) | 0.058 |
| Median (IQR) prior parities | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.084 |
| Median (IQR) aggregated Diagnosis groups | 6 (5–9) | 4 (3–6) | <0.001 |
| Revised graduated prenatal care Utilization index category | |||
| Adequate | 175 (27.6) | 428,867 (37.9) | 0.001 |
| Inadequate | 101 (15.9) | 156,982 (13.9) | |
| Intensive | 54 (8.5) | 61,597 (5.4) | |
| Intermediate | 304 (47.9) | 484,055 (42.7) | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1,370 (0.1) | |
| Material deprivation quintile | |||
| 1 (least deprived) | 68 (10.7) | 296,868 (26.2) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 72 (11.4) | 233,052 (20.6) | |
| 3 | 98 (15.5) | 213,667 (18.9) | |
| 4 | 117 (18.5) | 190,959 (16.9) | |
| 5 | 261 (41.2) | 183,836 (16.2) | |
| Missing | 18 (2.8) | 14,489 (1.3) | |
| Residential instability quintile | |||
| 1 (least instability) | 77 (12.1) | 303,577 (26.8) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 72 (11.4) | 228,844 (20.2) | |
| 3 | 69 (10.9) | 168,458 (14.9) | |
| 4 | 145 (22.9) | 214,871 (19.0) | |
| 5 | 253 (39.9) | 202,632 (17.9) | |
| Missing | 18 (2.8) | 14,489 (1.3) | |
| Complications of labor and delivery | |||
| Premature rupture of membranes | 57 (8.7) | 110,296 (9.6) | 0.47 |
| Obstructed labor: malposition | 16 (2.5) | 44,755 (3.9) | 0.06 |
| Obstructed labor: other | 20 (3.1) | 46,702 (4.1) | 0.20 |
| Umbilical cord complications | 59 (9.0) | 144,945 (12.6) | 0.007 |
| Perineal laceration during deliverya | 186 (47.7) | 467,744 (57.2) | <0.001 |
| Maternal placental syndromes | 37 (5.8) | 63,440 (5.6) | 0.78 |
| Fetal acid/base imbalance | 111 (17.0) | 217,147 (18.8) | 0.24 |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 29 (4.4) | 42,524 (3.7) | 0.31 |
a
Denominator is vaginal deliveries only.
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; LOS, length of stay.