Table 2.

Risk factor for tuberculosis incidence among HIV-infected adults (n=67,686)

	Univariate		Multivariate
	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
Age (years, time-varying)
<25	0.62(0.59–0.67)	<0.001	0.77(0.69–0.87)	0.09
25–<35	Ref.		Ref.
35–<45	1.17(1.11–1.23)		1.11(1.05–1.17)
45+	1.05(0.97–1.13)		0.99(0.92–1.05)
Male	1.90(1.81–1.99)	<0.001	1.53(1.45–1.60)	<0.001
Pregnant womena	0.18(0.15–0.23)	<0.001	0.43(0.34–0.53)	<0.001
District
Ilala	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	0.02
Kinondoni	1.12(1.07–1.19)		1.22(1.15–1.29)
Temeke	1.14(1.07–1.20)		1.06(1.00–1.13)
Family size (members)
≤3	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	0.74
>3	0.91(0.85–0.98)		0.99(0.92–1.06)
Year of enrollment
2004 or 2005	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	<0.001
2006	0.97(0.88–1.07)		0.98(0.89–1.08)
2007	0.91(0.83–1.00)		0.94(0.86–1.03)
2008	0.78(0.71–0.85)		0.80(0.73–0.88)
2009	0.74(0.67–0.82)		0.76(0.69–0.85)
2010	0.68(0.62–0.76)		0.74(0.67–0.83)
2011	0.66(0.59–0.74)		0.85(0.75–0.97)
2012	0.71(0.62–0.81)		1.12(0.88–1.44)
Season of visit (time-varying)
Dec.–Mar. (Short dry)	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	0.13
Apr.–May (Long rainy)	1.06(0.99–1.14)		0.99(0.93–1.06)
Jun.–Sept. (Long dry)	1.13(1.07–1.20)		1.00(0.95–1.06)
Oct.–Nov. (Short rainy)	1.11(1.04–1.19)		1.06(0.98–1.13)
BMI (kg/m2,time-varing)b
<17.0	3.07(2.88–3.27)	<0.001	1.96(1.83–2.09)	<0.001
17.0–<18.5	2.25(2.11–2.40)		1.69(1.58–1.80)
18.5–<25.0	Ref.		Ref.
25.0–<30.0	0.48(0.44–0.52)		0.64(0.59–0.70)
30+	0.36(0.31–0.41)		0.55(0.48–0.62)
MUAC (cm, time-varying)b
<20.0	5.99(5.48–6.54)	<0.001	3.15(2.86–3.46)	<0.001
20.0–<22.0	4.53(4.19–4.90)		2.68(2.47–2.91)
22.0–<25.0	2.48(2.33–2.64)		1.81(1.69–1.93)
25.0–<27.0	1.59(1.48–1.71)		1.35(1.25–1.45)
27.0+	Ref.		Ref.
Anemia status (time-varying)
Severe anemia	3.57(3.28–3.89)	<0.001	2.03(1.86–2.22)	<0.001
Moderate anemia	2.08(1.93–2.23)		1.66(1.55–1.79)
Mild anemia	1.47(1.35–1.59)		1.22(1.13–1.33)
No anemia	Ref.		Ref.
CD4+ cell counts (cells/uL, time-varying)
<50	3.36(3.02–3.74)	<0.001	1.04(0.92–1.17)	<0.001
50–<100	3.17(2.84–3.54)		1.18(1.04–1.33)
100–<200	2.51(2.26–2.78)		1.20(1.07–1.35)
200–<350	1.15(1.04–1.27)		0.81(0.72–0.91)
350+	Ref.		Ref.
WHO HIV disease stage (time-varying)
I	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	<0.001
II	2.13(1.91–2.37)		1.59(1.42–1.78)
III	5.96(5.41–6.56)		3.54(3.20–3.92)
IV	7.62(6.85–8.48)		3.44(3.06–3.87)
ALT (u/L, time-varying)
≤40	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	0.78
>40	1.33(1.24–1.43)		1.01(0.94–1.08)
Cotrimoxazole (time-varying)
No	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	0.11
Yes	1.28(1.20–1.36)		1.05(0.99–1.12)
Isoniazid preventive therapy (time-varying)
No	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	<0.001
Yes	2.29(1.58–3.32)		2.25(1.55–3.27)
Nonadherence (time-varying)
No	Ref.	<0.92
Yes	1.00(0.94–1.07)
Months on ART (time-varying)
None	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	<0.001
>0 and <3	3.34(3.15–3.54)		1.57(1.47–1.68)
3–<6	1.67(1.51–1.85)		0.79(0.71–0.88)
6–<12	1.48(1.34–1.65)		0.73(0.65–0.81)
12–<24	1.16(1.04–1.29)		0.54(0.48–0.60)
24–<36	0.91(0.79–1.04)		0.41(0.36–0.48)
36+	0.69(0.59–0.80)		0.28(0.25–0.33)
ART agentsc
NRTI
d4T	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	<0.001
AZT	0.87(0.82–0.91)		0.65(0.60–0.70)
TDF	1.69(1.48–1.94)		0.90(0.77–1.05)
NNRTI
EFV	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	<0.001
NVP	0.49(0.47–0.52)		0.36(0.34–0.39)

Notes: HR, Hazard Ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; MUAC, middle upper arm circumference; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ART, antiretroviral therapy; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; d4T, stavudine; AZT, zidovudine; TDF, tenofovir; EFV, efavirenz; NVP, nevirapine;

^aThe comparison was conducted among women only, the reference group is non-pregnant women.

^bIn multivariate analysis, BMI and MUAC were included into separate models. And the model with BMI was used get HR and 95%CI for other variables.

^cOnly patients who started ART during the follow-up period were included into the analysis to examine the association of ART agents with TB risk.