Table 2.
Adjusted* Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for Associations Between Coffee Consumption and Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Incidence by Follow-Up Time, Liver Cancer Pooling Project.
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall |
0-3.6 years |
3.7-6.7 years |
6.4-8.8 years |
≥8.9 years |
|||
| Coffee Consumption | Non-case N | Case N | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| Non-Drinker | 172,865 | 85 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ever | 901,622 | 650 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.65, 1.68) | 0.77 (0.50, 1.19) | 1.13 (0.68, 1.87) | 1.12 (0.69, 1.82) |
| Cups/day | |||||||
| >0-<1 | 164,839 | 138 | 1.24 (0.94, 1.64) | 1.43 (0.83, 2.48) | 0.95 (0.56, 1.60) | 1.33 (0.75, 2.37) | 1.31 (0.72, 2.40) |
| 1-<2 | 179,632 | 149 | 1.16 (0.88, 1.52) | 0.91 (0.51, 1.63) | 0.99 (0.59, 1.64) | 1.31 (0.74, 2.32) | 1.50 (0.87, 2.59) |
| 2-3 | 370,531 | 255 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.15) | 1.09 (0.65, 1.81) | 0.61 (0.38, 1.00) | 0.88 (0.51, 1.53) | 1.05 (0.62, 1.77) |
| >3 | 161,019 | 97 | 0.73 (0.53, 0.99) | 0.67 (0.35, 1.26) | 0.57 (0.32, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.54, 1.82) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.36) |
| Continuous, cups/day | 0.90 (0.85, 0.94) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.96) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) | ||
| p for trend† | <0.0001 | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0.1 | 0.02 | ||
| Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall |
0-3.6 years |
3.7-6.7 years |
6.8-9.2 years |
≥9.3 years |
|||
| Coffee Consumption | Non-case N | Case N | HR | HR | HR | HR | HR |
| Non-Drinker | 172,865 | 33 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ever | 901,622 | 199 | 0.93 (0.63, 1.37) | 0.83 (0.39, 1.75) | 1.19 (0.49, 2.85) | 0.75 (0.36, 1.58) | 1.05 (0.50, 2.21) |
| Cups/day | |||||||
| >0-<1 | 164,839 | 36 | 1.15 (0.70, 1.89) | 0.85 (0.30, 2.40) | 1.18 (0.40, 3.51) | 1.33 (0.54, 3.27) | 1.22 (0.44, 3.39) |
| 1-<2 | 179,632 | 33 | 0.79 (0.48, 1.30) | 0.69 (0.26, 1.83) | 1.01 (0.34, 2.97) | 0.87 (0.35, 2.16) | 0.60 (0.21, 1.74) |
| 2-3 | 370,531 | 85 | 0.93 (0.61, 1.42) | 0.86 (0.38, 1.94) | 1.22 (0.47, 3.12) | 0.63 (0.27, 1.47) | 1.18 (0.52, 2.66) |
| >3 | 161,019 | 40 | 1.00 (0.61, 1.63) | 1.12 (0.44, 2.86) | 1.67 (0.61, 4.59) | 0.59 (0.21, 1.67) | 0.81 (0.30, 2.23) |
| Continuous, cups/day | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) | 0.83 (0.69, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) | ||
| p for trend† | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.8 | ||
*
Adjusted for: sex, age (continuous), race (white, black, other), cohort (AARP, AHS, USRT, PLCO, WHS, CPSII, IWHS, BWHS, WHI), BMI (continuous), smoking status (non-smoker, former smoker, current smoker), cigarette smoking intensity (0, ≤10, >10-≤15, >15-≤25, >25 cigarettes/day), alcohol (non-drinker, and >0-<1, 1-3, >3).
†
P-value for trend of continuous variable.