Table 3.
Adjusted* Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for Associations Between Coffee Consumption and Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Incidence by Caffeine Content, Liver Cancer Pooling Project.
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Non-case N | Case N | HR | 95% CI | Case N | HR | 95% CI |
| Non-Drinker | 172,865 | 85 | 1.00 | 33 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 521,438 | 379 | 1.00 | (0.77 - 1.28) | 119 | 0.91 | (0.60 - 1.37) |
| Cups/day | |||||||
| 0 | 172,865 | 85 | 1.00 | 33 | 1.00 | ||
| >0-<1 | 66,120 | 58 | 1.22 | (0.87 - 1.73) | 17 | 1.32 | (0.71 - 2.43) |
| 1-<2 | 102,435 | 85 | 1.19 | (0.87 - 1.62) | 15 | 0.59 | (0.32 - 1.10) |
| 2-3 | 246,378 | 174 | 0.95 | (0.72 - 1.26) | 57 | 0.91 | (0.58 - 1.43) |
| >3 | 106,505 | 62 | 0.71 | (0.50 - 1.01) | 30 | 1.08 | (0.63 - 1.83) |
| p for trend† | 0.002 | >0.99 | |||||
| Decaffeinated Coffee | |||||||
| Non-Drinker | 172,865 | 85 | 1.00 | 33 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 232,725 | 204 | 1.16 | (0.88 - 1.53) | 56 | 0.95 | (0.59 - 1.53) |
| Cups/day‡ | |||||||
| 0 | 130,187 | 63 | 1.00 | 18 | 1.00 | ||
| >0-<1 | 66,450 | 58 | 1.33 | (0.92 - 1.91) | 15 | 1.17 | (0.58 - 2.35) |
| 1-<2 | 47,791 | 51 | 1.38 | (0.95 - 2.02) | 10 | 0.94 | (0.43 - 2.07) |
| 2-3 | 75,840 | 64 | 0.97 | (0.67 - 1.40) | 20 | 1.11 | (0.56 - 2.17) |
| >3 | 22,745 | 21 | 0.92 | (0.55 - 1.54) | 6 | 1.03 | (0.39 - 2.70) |
| p for trend† | 0.1 | 0.6 | |||||
| Combination Coffee | |||||||
| Non-Drinker‡ | 130,187 | 63 | 1.00 | 18 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 130,379 | 44 | 0.48 | (0.29 - 0.79) | 20 | 1.72 | (0.71 - 4.16) |
| Cups/day‡ | |||||||
| 0 | 130,187 | 63 | 1.00 | 18 | 1.00 | ||
| >0-<1 | 27,696 | 10 | 0.58 | (0.28 - 1.21) | 3 | 1.45 | (0.37 - 5.68) |
| 1-<2 | 27,098 | 10 | 0.52 | (0.25 - 1.08) | 6 | 2.46 | (0.80 - 7.52) |
| 2-3 | 45,466 | 11 | 0.33 | (0.16 - 0.67) | 7 | 1.68 | (0.58 - 4.87) |
| >3 | 30,119 | 13 | 0.61 | (0.31 - 1.21) | 4 | 1.33 | (0.37 - 4.78) |
| p for trend† | 0.1 | 0.9 | |||||
*
Adjusted for: sex, age (continuous), race (white, black, other), cohort (AARP, AHS, USRT, PLCO, WHS, CPSII, IWHS, BWHS, WHI), BMI (continuous), cigarette smoking intensity (cigarettes/day), smoking status (non-smoker, former smoker, current smoker), cigarette smoking intensity (0, ≤10, >10-≤15, >15-≤25, >25 cigarettes/day), alcohol (non-drinker, and >0-<1, 1-3, >3 drinks/day).
†
P-value for trend of continuous variable.
‡
WHI excluded from analysis, due to lack of information about decaffeinated coffee consumption.