Table 4.
Adjusted* Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for Associations Between Coffee Consumption and Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Sex, Smoking Status, Body Mass Index, and Diabetes, Liver Cancer Pooling Project.
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee Consumption | Non-case N | Case N | HR | 95% CI | Non-case N | Case N | HR | 95% CI |
| Non-Drinker | 46,615 | 40 | 1.00 | 126,250 | 45 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 393,030 | 490 | 1.21 | (0.87 - 1.69) | 508,592 | 160 | 0.78 | (0.56 - 1.10) |
| Cups/day | ||||||||
| >0-<1 | 73,955 | 113 | 1.57 | (1.09 - 2.25) | 90,884 | 25 | 0.79 | (0.47 - 1.33) |
| 1-<2 | 71,352 | 103 | 1.35 | (0.93 - 1.95) | 108,280 | 46 | 1.01 | (0.66 - 1.53) |
| 2-3 | 170,339 | 195 | 1.06 | (0.75 - 1.51) | 200,192 | 60 | 0.71 | (0.48 - 1.06) |
| >3 | 76,461 | 79 | 0.93 | (0.63 - 1.37) | 84,558 | 18 | 0.46 | (0.26 - 0.81) |
| Continuous, cups/day | 0.90 | (0.86 - 0.96) | 0.87 | (0.79 - 0.96) | ||||
| p for trend† | 0.0004 | 0.004 | ||||||
| Non-Smokers |
Smokers |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee Consumption | Non-case N | Case N | HR | 95% CI | Non-case N | Case N | HR | 95% CI |
| Non-Drinker | 115,235 | 48 | 1.00 | 57,789 | 37 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 374,559 | 172 | 0.94 | (0.68 - 1.30) | 527,629 | 478 | 1.10 | (0.79 - 1.55) |
| Cups/day | ||||||||
| >0-<1 | 87,498 | 39 | 0.91 | (0.59 - 1.40) | 77,356 | 99 | 1.52 | (1.04 - 2.23) |
| 1-<2 | 86,431 | 48 | 1.08 | (0.72 - 1.62) | 93,328 | 101 | 1.28 | (0.87 - 1.87) |
| 2-3 | 140,728 | 64 | 0.91 | (0.62 - 1.33) | 230,037 | 191 | 0.98 | (0.68 - 1.40) |
| >3 | 47,124 | 12 | 0.52 | (0.28 - 0.99) | 113,988 | 85 | 0.93 | (0.63 - 1.37) |
| Continuous, cups/day | 0.93 | (0.84 - 1.02) | 0.91 | (0.86 - 0.96) | ||||
| p for trend† | 0.1 | 0.0005 | ||||||
| BMI <25 kg/m2 |
BMI ≥25 kg/m2 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee Consumption | Non-case N | Case N | HR | 95% CI | Non-case N | Case N | HR | 95% CI |
| Non-Drinker | 67,651 | 25 | 1.00 | 105,214 | 60 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 339,706 | 147 | 0.82 | (0.53 - 1.25) | 561,916 | 503 | 1.07 | (0.81 - 1.42) |
| Cups/day | ||||||||
| >0-<1 | 63,633 | 33 | 1.02 | (0.60 - 1.72) | 101,206 | 105 | 1.33 | (0.96 - 1.85) |
| 1-<2 | 69,237 | 30 | 0.81 | (0.47 - 1.38) | 110,395 | 119 | 1.30 | (0.95 - 1.79) |
| 2-3 | 136,149 | 56 | 0.73 | (0.45 - 1.17) | 234,382 | 199 | 0.95 | (0.70 - 1.28) |
| >3 | 60,960 | 24 | 0.65 | (0.37 - 1.14) | 100,059 | 73 | 0.76 | (0.53 - 1.08) |
| Continuous, cups/day | 0.90 | (0.82 - 0.99) | 0.89 | (0.85 - 0.94) | ||||
| p for trend† | 0.03 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| No Diabetes |
Diabetes |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee Consumption | Non-case N | Case N | HR | 95% CI | Non-case N | Case N | HR | 95% CI |
| Non-Drinker | 161,059 | 67 | 1.00 | 11,391 | 17 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 835,624 | 462 | 0.89 | (0.68 - 1.16) | 63,979 | 188 | 1.41 | (0.85 - 2.32) |
| Cups/day | ||||||||
| >0-<1 | 151,345 | 102 | 1.19 | (0.87 - 1.64) | 13,102 | 36 | 1.42 | (0.80 - 2.54) |
| 1-<2 | 165,484 | 104 | 1.02 | (0.75 - 1.40) | 13,769 | 45 | 1.60 | (0.91 - 2.81) |
| 2-3 | 344,302 | 174 | 0.75 | (0.56 - 1.01) | 25,558 | 81 | 1.40 | (0.83 - 2.38) |
| >3 | 150,340 | 73 | 0.68 | (0.48 - 0.95) | 10,231 | 24 | 0.98 | (0.52 - 1.83) |
| Continuous, cups/day | 0.88 | (0.83 - 0.93) | 0.94 | (0.87 - 1.03) | ||||
| p for trend† | <0.0001 | 0.2 | ||||||
*
Adjusted for: age (continuous), race (white, black, other), cohort (AARP, AHS, USRT, PLCO, WHS, CPSII, IWHS, BWHS, WHI), BMI (continuous), smoking status (non-smoker, former smoker, current smoker), cigarette smoking intensity (0, ≤10, >10-≤15, >15-≤25, >25 cigarettes/day), alcohol (non-drinker, and >0-<1, 1-3, >3 drinks/day).
†
P-value for trend of continuous variable.