Table 2.
Associations among participant characteristics by ethnicity (Latino vs. Non-Latino), adjusted for age, insurance status, years since diabetes diagnosis, income, and education
| Variable | Crude (non-adjusted) | Fully Adjusteda | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latino (n=637) | Non-Latino (n=291)b | P-value | Latino (n=637) | Non-Latino (n=291)b | P-value | |
|
|
||||||
| Age, mean (95% CI) | 56.4 (55.4–57.3) |
56.5 (55.1–57.8) |
NS | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Diabetes diagnosis >10 years ago, % (95% CI) | 44.1 (40.3–48.0) |
46.4 (40.7–52.1) |
NS | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Any health care coverage, % (95% CI) | 90.5 (88.2–92.8) |
90.8 (87.4–94.2) |
NS | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Less than $20,000 annual income, % (95% CI) | 82.8 (79.6–86.0) |
63.4 (57.3–69.4) |
*** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Less than 12th grade education, % (95% CI) | 61.3 (57.5–65.1) |
30.2 (25.0–35.5) |
*** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
||||||
| A1c, mean (95% CI) | 9.1 (9.0–9.3) |
9.3 (9.1–9.5) |
NS | 9.1 (8.9–9.3) |
9.3 (9.1–9.6) |
NS |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (95% CI) | 31.6 (31.0–32.2) |
32.9 (32.0–33.8) |
* | 31.5 (30.8–32.2) |
33.2 (32.2–34.2) |
** |
| Foreign born, % (95% CI) | 86.5 (83.8–89.1) |
34.7 (29.2–40.2) |
*** | 87.0 (83.9–90.1) |
33.2 (26.6–39.8) |
*** |
| PHQ-8 score, mean (95% CI) | 7.0 (6.6–7.4) |
5.0 (4.4–5.6) |
*** | 6.8 (6.3–7.3) |
5.6 (4.9–6.3) |
** |
| PHQ-8 score ≥ 10, % (95% CI) | 30.8 (27.2–34.4) |
18.6 (14.1–23.0) |
*** | 28.5 (24.4–32.6) |
20.8 (15.3–26.2) |
* |
| WHO-5 Well-being Index, mean (95% CI) | 14.8 (14.3–15.3) |
15.8 (15.1–16.6) |
* | 15.0 (14.5–15.6) |
15.4 (14.5–16.3) |
NS |
| # Days/week of exercise, mean (95% CI) | 2.4 (2.2–2.5) |
3.0 (2.7–3.3) |
*** | 2.4 (2.2–2.6) |
3.0 (2.7–3.3) |
*** |
| # Days/week eating general healthy diet, mean (95% CI) | 3.5 (3.3–3.7) |
4.0 (3.7–4.3) |
* | 3.6 (3.4–3.8) |
4.0 (3.7–4.4) |
* |
| # Days/week of blood glucose testing, mean (95% CI) | 4.6 (4.4–4.9) |
4.4 (4.0–4.7) |
NS | 4.7 (4.5–4.9) |
4.4 (4.1–4.8) |
NS |
| # Days/week performing foot care, mean (95% CI) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) |
4.4 (4.1–4.7) |
** | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) |
4.4 (4.1–4.8) |
* |
| Morisky Medication Adherence Score = 4c, % (95% CI) | 50.9 (47.0–54.8) |
46.9 (41.2–52.6) |
NS | 51.9 (47.4–56.3) |
45.2 (38.4–52.0) |
NS |
| Current diabetes Medications, % (95% CI) | ||||||
| Diabetes pills | 49.8 (45.9–53.6) |
46.4 (40.7–52.1) |
NS | 48.9 (44.2–53.7) |
46.5 (39.4–53.7) |
NS |
| Insulin only | 15.2 (12.4–18.0) |
18.9 (14.4–23.4) |
NS | 14.6 (11.4–17.7) |
17.6 (12.5–22.7) |
NS |
| Pills and insulin | 22.9 (19.7–26.2) |
24.7 (19.8–29.7) |
NS | 19.8 (16.2–23.4) |
23.6 (17.8–29.4) |
NS |
| Pills and other injectable | 10.5 (8.1–12.9) |
9.6 (6.2–13.0) |
NS | 10.1 (7.4–12.8) |
7.6 (4.2–10.9) |
NS |
| Taken a diabetes education class, % (95% CI) | 14.3 (11.6–17.0) |
13.0 (9.2–16.9) |
NS | 13.5 (10.5–16.6) |
10.3 (6.4–14.3) |
NS |
a
Data adjusted for age, insurance status, years since diabetes diagnosis, income, and education.
b
Missing participants are those who did not respond regarding being Latino vs. non-Latino
c
Possible range is 0–4, with 4 being most adherent.
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001
NS = non-significant