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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: J Micromech Microeng. 2015 Jan 15;25(2):025004. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/25/2/025004

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Core-shell rods are capable of achieving bend angles up to 50 times larger than experimentally viable FFPDMS rods. The core-shell actuator (solid line) achieves nearly twice the deflections of FFPDMS actuators which have either loosely (S = 1.0, dashed line) or tightly (S = 1.35, dashed-dotted line) packed filler particles, as defined in the Mooney equation (equation 5) where E(f = 0) = 2.5 Mpa [51]. The highest f for FFPDMS achieved thus far is f = 0.04; therefore, the FFPDMS curves have been grayed out to indicate possibly unachievable volume fractions. For the calculation of these curves, we assumed the literature values Msat,Ni = 5.22×103 emu/cm3 [52] and Msat,maghemite = 3.43×103 emu/cm3 [53], and ECS = 2.5 MPa.