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Proposed model for ROS signaling to ERFs. Biotic and abiotic stresses enhance ROS production, resulting in the activation of MPK6, which activates ethylene biosynthesis by phosphorylation of ACS6. Then, EIN2, EIN3/EIL1, and finally, ERF1 are activated, which could result in the activation of ROS gene expression that enhances stress tolerance. Recently, it has been suggested that ERF6 is activated by MPK6 phosphorylation independently of EIN3/EIL1 under oxidative stress.
