Figure 4.

Analysis of Cd tolerance in the A. thaliana wild type and cax1-1 mutant. Comparison of Cd tolerance between the A. thaliana wild type (Col-0; gray bars) and cax1-1 mutant (white bars) was based on primary root length (A) and total shoot surface (C). Plants were sown in vitro on one-half-strength MS containing 1% Suc solidified with agar. After 1 week, plantlets were transferred to one-half-strength MS agar plates containing low (0.5 mm) or moderate (2 mm) Ca concentrations and 0 or 100 µm CdCl₂ for 1 week. Data are means ± sd (n = 58–92 for primary root length measurements and n = 25–47 for shoot surface analysis). *, P < 0.05 (Student’s t test). The representative phenotypes for root (B) and shoot (D) at low Ca are reported. Bars = 2 cm (B; roots) and 1 cm (D; shoots).