Table II.

Means and standard deviations of plasma carotenoid and tocopherol levels at baseline and at 3-months post-intervention

	Baseline				Post-intervention (at 3-months)
	All subjects (n = 39)	Intervention (n = 22)	Control (n = 17)	P §	All subjects (n = 35)	Intervention (n = 20)	Control (n = 15)	P §
Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols (μg/ml)	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD		Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
α–tocopherol	14.91 ± 5.15	15.23 ± 5.56	14.51 ± 4.71	0.67	14.35 ± 5.17	14.64 ± 5.48	13.96 ± 4.87	0.71
γ–tocopherol	1.70 ± 1.01	1.67 ± 1.01	1.73 ± 1.04	0.86	1.65 ± 0.99	1.60 ± 0.89	1.70 ± 1.13	0.78
α–carotene	0.04 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.03	0.05 ± 0.03	0.60	0.05 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.03	0.05 ± 0.05	0.64
cis–β-carotene	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.07	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.32
trans–β-carotene	0.20 ± 0.13	0.18 ± 0.12	0.24 ± 0.15	0.17	0.20 ± 0.14	0.20 ± 0.16	0.21 ± 0.12	0.83
α–cryptoxanthin	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.77	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.86
β–cryptoxanthin	0.11 ± 0.08	0.11 ± 0.09	0.10 ± 0.07	0.71	0.10 ± 0.07	0.10 ± 0.08	0.09 ± 0.06	0.87
lutein	0.11 ± 0.06	0.10 ± 0.06	0.12 ± 0.07	0.40	0.12 ± 0.07	0.12 ± 0.07	0.12 ± 0.08	0.92
zeaxanthin	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.02	0.30	0.03 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.47
cis-lutein/zeaxanthin	0.01 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.59	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.07
cis-lycopene	0.18 ± 0.13	0.18 ± 0.11	0.18 ± 0.15	0.94	0.17 ± 0.11	0.19 ± 0.10	0.15 ± 0.13	0.26
trans-lycopene	0.19 ± 0.12	0.20 ± 0.11	0.19 ± 0.14	0.81	0.19 ± 0.11	0.22 ± 0.10	0.16 ± 0.12	0.12

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation

^§P value comparing intervention and control groups based on Student's t-test