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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol. 2015 Jul 9;39(5):752–762. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.06.008

Table IV.

Associations of carotenoid and tocopherol levels at 3-months in relation to PSA levels at 3- and 6-months, adjusting for baseline PSA level

PSA levels at 3 monthsa PSA levels at 6 monthsa
Plasma tocopherols and carotenoids at 3 monthsb n Crude modelc Adjusted modeld Crude modelc Adjusted modeld
Means (95% CI) P § Means (95% CI) P § Means (95% CI) P § Means (95% CI) P §
α–tocopherol low 18 C= 9, I = 9 0.98 (0.74-1.29) 0.09 0.62 (0.45-0.85) 0.10 1.00 (0.45-2.21) 0.11 0.76 (0.28-2.01) 0.01
high 17 C = 6, I = 11 0.68 (0.49-0.94) 0.42 (0.27-0.65) 0.38 (0.16-0.93) 0.13 (0.03-0.48)
γ–tocopherol low 17 C= 8, I =9 0.70 (0.50-0.98) 0.16 0.56 (0.39-0.83) 0.82 0.75 (0.32-1.72) 0.62 0.64 (0.16-2.59) 0.45
high 18 C= 7, I =11 0.97 (0.73-1.28) 0.53 (0.33-0.83) 0.55 (0.21-1.39) 0.33 (0.10-1.08)
α–carotene low 18 C= 7, I =11 1.00 (0.76-1.33) 0.07 0.65 (0.45-0.93) 0.13 1.04 (0.45-2.40) 0.12 0.88 (0.26-2.95) 0.08
high 17 C= 8, I = 9 0.69 (0.50-0.93) 0.44 (0.30-0.66) 0.42 (0.19-0.95) 0.23 (0.07-0.73)
Cis–β-carotene low 17 C= 5, I = 12 1.04 (0.77-1.41) 0.05 0.66 (0.45-0.96) 0.16 0.74 (0.32-1.68) 0.65 0.51 (0.18-1.50) 0.52
high 18 C = 10, I = 8 0.69 (0.52-0.92) 0.49 (0.34-0.68) 0.56 (0.23-1.39) 0.33 (0.10-1.15)
Trans–β-carotene low 18 C = 8, I = 10 1.03 (0.78-1.35) 0.03 0.63 (0.43-0.92) 0.25 0.85 (0.37-1.95) 0.36 0.46 (0.12-1.70) 0.87
high 17 C = 7, I = 10 0.66 (0.49-0.90) 0.50 (0.35-0.70) 0.49 (0.21-1.17) 0.41 (0.14-1.23)
α–cryptoxanthin low 18 C = 8, I =10 0.97 (0.73-1.30) 0.15 0.57 (0.41-0.80) 0.65 0.67 (0.29-1.57) 0.90 0.69 (0.15-3.22) 0.46
high 17 C = 7, I = 10 0.72 (0.54-0.97) 0.50 (0.30-0.83) 0.63 (0.26-1.50) 0.36 (0.12-1.04)
β–cryptoxanthin low 18 C = 7, I = 10 0.99 (0.74-1.32) 0.13 0.56 (0.39-0.83) 0.82 0.69 (0.27-1.44) 0.86 0.97 (0.33-2.86) 0.01
high 17 C = 8, I = 10 0.72 (0.54-0.97) 0.53 (0.36-0.78) 0.62 (0.29-1.63) 0.17 (0.05-0.53)
Lutein low 17 C = 8, I = 9 1.01 (0.75-1.36) 0.09 0.61 (0.41-0.93) 0.45 0.80 (0.33-1.91) 0.53 0.77 (0.22-2.65) 0.17
high 18 C = 7, I = 11 0.71 (0.54-0.95) 0.51 (0.35-0.73) 0.55 (0.24-1.26) 0.28 (0.09-0.86)
Zeaxanthin low 17 C = 5, I = 12 0.92 (0.66-1.29) 0.48 0.60 (0.43-0.82) 0.17 0.56 (0.23-1.37) 0.63 0.59 (0.15-2.30) 0.55
high 18 C = 10, I = 8 0.79 (0.59-1.05) 0.44 (0.29-0.68) 0.76 (0.32-1.78) 0.38 (0.13-1.08)
Cis-lutein/zeaxanthin low 18 C= 11, I = 7 1.02 (0.77-1.35) 0.05 0.75 (0.52-1.07) 0.008 1.05 (0.46-2.35) 0.09 0.76 (0.23-2.50) 0.16
high 17 C= 4, I = 13 0.67 (0.49-0.92) 0.45 (0.33-0.62) 0.37 (0.15-0.91) 0.31 (0.11-0.86)
Cis-lycopene low 17 C= 10, I = 7 0.97 (0.72-1.30) 0.20 0.61 (0.43-0.88) 0.29 0.77 (0.34-1.75) 0.54 0.73 (0.25-2.15) 0.08
high 18 C= 5, I = 13 0.72 (0.52-0.99) 0.49 (0.34-0.71) 0.52 (0.20-1.36) 0.43 (0.07-0.73)
All-trans-lycopene low 17 C= 10, I = 7 0.90 (0.66-1.22) 0.57 0.58 (0.40-0.82) 0.60 0.77 (0.34-1.75) 0.54 0.89 (0.33-2.37) 0.004
high 18 C= 5, I = 13 0.78 (0.56-1.10) 0.51 (0.33-0.78) 0.51 (0.18-1.42) 0.10 (0.03-0.37)
Antioxidant scoree low 17 C= 7, I = 10 1.03 (0.77-1.37) 0.05 0.62 (0.44-0.87) 0.18 0.84 (0.36-1.96) 0.38 0.86 (0.32-2.25) 0.003
high 18 C= 8, I = 10 0.69 (0.52-0.92) 0.47 (0.32-0.68) 0.51 (0.22-1.17) 0.14 (0.04-0.44)

Abbreviation: PSA – prostate-specific antigen, CI – confidence interval, C – control groups, I = intervention group

a

Data are reported as least square means

b

Categorized by median splits as less than median (low) versus greater than or equal to median (high).

c

Adjusted for age, race randomized group and baseline PSA level.

d

Adjusted for age, race, education, marital status, employment status, smoking status, Gleason score, body mass index, total metabolic equivalent (MET) per week of physical activity, energy intake, randomized group and baseline PSA level.

e

Antioxidant score; low : 45 – 80, high: 81 –111.

§

P values from regression model comparing mean difference between low and high tocopherol/carotenoid categories