Figure 8. The open conformation of Dvl significantly enhances gain-of-function planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling.
(A) Xenopus embryonic abnormal convergent extension (CE) phenotypes induced by injection of wild-type XDsh and XDsh-CΔ8 mRNA at three increasing concentrations (arrows at bottom represent 80 pg, 200 pg and 500 pg of injected mRNA; above are numbers of embryos injected from two independent experiments). Phenotypes are severe (green), mild (red), and normal (blue). (B) Comparison of phenotypes induced by dose-equivalent injections (500 pg mRNA) of XDsh, XDsh-CΔ8, and Xdd1 (a well-established dominant-negative XDsh mutant). XDsh-CΔ8 and Xdd1 induced similar phenotypes. The numbers of embryos injected from three independent experiments are listed on the top of each column.