Fig. 2.

Hot-embossing created well-defined topographical features while maintaining pore architecture in polycarbonate membranes with 8 μm diameter pores. Representative illustrations (top row) and corresponding SEM images of the membranes (bottom row) show the five distinct topographic patterns created using the hot-embossing process. The blank, or control, sample contains a flat surface. The topographically patterned membranes contain a variety of evenly spaced ridges with increasing ridge widths of 0.5 μm, 0.75 μm, and 1.0 μm, respectively, and evenly spaced 1.0 μm pits. All topographical features have a depth of 0.75 μm