Table 5.
Comparison of blood and urinary parameters at 1 month after the earthquake between the high and low C-peptide groups
| High C-peptide | Low C-peptide | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 82 | 48 | |
| Male (%) | 58.5 | 52.1 | 0.6 |
| Age (years) | 62.8 ± 12.6 | 61.8 ± 14.5 | 0.7 |
| HbA1c, %† (n = 128) | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 0.7 |
| ΔHbA1c*, % 1 month after the earthquake – before the earthquake (n = 128) | −0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | <0.05 |
| BW, kg† (n = 115) | 71.2 ± 19.9 | 58.8 ± 12.3 | <0.05 |
| Clinical SBP 1 month after earthquake, mmHg (n = 130) | 130.7 ± 14.8 | 126.8 ± 18.2 | 0.2 |
| Clinical SBP 3 months after earthquake, mmHg (n = 130) | 130.2 ± 15.0 | 124.5 ± 18.3 | 0.1 |
| Δ clinical SBP*, mmHg (1 month after the earthquake – 3 months after the earthquake) | 0.9 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 2.2 | 0.3 |
| Fasting serum C-peptide level 1 month after earthquake, ng/mL (n = 130) | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | <0.05 |
| Fasting serum C-peptide level 3 months after earthquake, ng/mL (n = 115) | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | <0.05 |
| Serum cortisol, μg/dL (n = 101) | 9.7 ± 3.8 | 9.5 ± 3.5 | 0.8 |
| Plasma adrenaline 1 month after earthquake, ng/mL (n = 101) | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.2 |
| Plasma noradrenaline 1 month after earthquake, ng/mL (n = 101) | 0.45 ± 0.19 | 0.53 ± 0.22 | <0.05 |
| Plasma noradrenaline 3 months after the earthquake, ng/mL (n = 101) | 0.43 ± 0.22 | 0.47 ± 0.21 | 0.4 |
| Plasma dopamine, ng/mL (n = 101) | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.2 |
| White blood cells, 103/μL (n = 73) | 7.0 ± 2.1 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | <0.05 |
| Red blood cells, 106/μL (n = 73) | 430.4 ± 48.8 | 420.7 ± 35.5 | 0.4 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL (n = 73) | 13.3 ± 1.5 | 13.0 ± 1.6 | 0.5 |
| Platelets, 103/μL (n = 73) | 21.7 ± 5.6 | 20.4 ± 4.9 | 0.3 |
| Serum aspartate aminotransferase, U/L (n = 102) | 23.3 ± 11.8 | 24.2 ± 7.9 | 0.6 |
| Serum alanine aminotranferase, U/L (n = 101) | 26.5 ± 21.4 | 20.4 ± 8.5 | <0.05 |
| Serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, IU/L (n = 84) | 37.8 ± 25.7 | 49.0 ± 103.9 | 0.6 |
| Serum alkaline phosphatase, U/L (n = 50) | 218.4 ± 53.7 | 326.4 ± 192.1 | <0.05 |
| Serum lactate dehydrogenase, U/L (n = 52) | 195.0 ± 44.2 | 195.4 ± 37.1 | 1.0 |
| Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL (n = 117) | 186.8 ± 37.0 | 193.5 ± 35.1 | 0.3 |
| Serum HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL (n = 121) | 52.2 ± 12.3 | 63.7 ± 16.7 | <0.05 |
| Serum LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL (n = 121) | 108.2 ± 31.4 | 105.1 ± 28.9 | 0.6 |
| Serum triglyceride, mg/dL (n = 122) | 139.9 ± 81.3 | 106.0 ± 58.5 | <0.05 |
| Serum blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL (n = 104) | 15.0 ± 5.4 | 14.5 ± 4.2 | 0.7 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL (n = 113) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | <0.05 |
| Serum uric acid, mg/dL (n = 89) | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 4.8 ± 1.4 | <0.05 |
| Serum total protein, g/dL (n = 29) | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 0.7 | 0.4 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL (n = 29) | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/L (n = 51) | 141.3 ± 2.1 | 140.1 ± 2.8 | 0.1 |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L (n = 51) | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Serum chloride, mEq/L (n = 51) | 104.4 ± 2.8 | 102.9 ± 2.2 | 0.1 |
| Serum C-reactive protein, mg/dL (n = 13) | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Urinary albumin excretion, mg/g•Cre (n = 69) | 75.4 ± 126.3 | 46.2 ± 69.9 | 0.2 |
| Flooding from the tsunami, % (n = 96) | 10.3 | 7.9 | 1.0 |
| Home loss/damage (over half), % (n = 92) | 15.1 | 10.3 | 0.5 |
| Evacuation to refuge, % (n = 92) | 16.7 | 10.5 | 0.5 |
| Loss of relatives, % (n = 98) | 33.9 | 20.5 | 0.2 |
| Job loss, % (n = 95) | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Decreased meal quantity, % (n = 97) | 48.3 | 35.9 | 0.3 |
| Change in meal composition, % (n = 98) | 55.9 | 46.2 | 0.4 |
| Reduced exercise, % (n = 97) | 36.2 | 18.0 | 0.1 |
| Reduced alcohol consumption, % (n = 97) Non-drinker (n = 55) | 15.5 | 7.7 | 0.4 |
| Reduced smoking, % (n = 96) Non-smoker (n = 79) | 3.5 | 2.6 | 1.0 |
| Reduced sleep time, % (n = 96) | 47.4 | 41.0 | 0.7 |
| Interruption of drug(s), % (n = 96) | 12.3 | 15.4 | 0.8 |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviation or ratios (%). Student's t-test was used for analysis of continuous variables. A χ2-test was applied for analysis of categorical variables.
Analysis of covariance after adjustment for factors including sex, age and pre-earthquake bodyweight was used for the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) change at 1 month after the earthquake vs pre-earthquake value (ΔHbA1c) and Δ clinic systolic blood pressure (SBP) data.
Values before the earthquake.
Δ clinical SBP, amount of clinic systolic blood pressure change at 1 month after the earthquake vs 3 months after the earthquake. Fasting C-peptide level, fasting C-peptide levels at 1 month after the earthquake; High C-peptide group: fasting C-peptide ≥1.0 ng/mL; Low C-peptide group, fasting C-peptide <1.0 ng/mL. BW, bodyweight; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.