Helios−FoxP3+ but not Helios+FoxP3+ T cells produce interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-10. Synovial fluid cells from five patients [ankylosing spondylitis (SpA)] were stimulated with plate-bound a-CD3 for 16 h, the last 5 h in the presence of brefeldin A. Cells were harvested and analysed by flow cytometry for cytokines. Representative dot-plots show CD14−CD3+CD4+FoxP3+ T cells plotted against Helios and the respective cytokine [i.e. IFN-γ (a), TNF (b) and IL-10 (c)]. Summary graph for IFN-γ is depicted in (a), for TNF in (b) and IL-10 in (c). Data were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test together with Dunn’s multiple-comparision post-test, P < 0·001, **P < 0·005 and *P < 0·05.