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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 22.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jul 9;57(8):1081–1093. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit452

Table 1.

Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with initial resistance to PZA in MTBC cases (N=73,138)

Characteristics No. (%) Prevalence Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)

PZA-
mono-R
(n=1,441)
PZA-
poly-R
(n=312)
PZA-R/
MDR
(n=414)
PZA-mono-R
vs. Drug
susceptible
PZA-poly-R
vs. Drug
susceptible
PZA-R in MDR
vs. PZA-S in
MDR
Sex Female 612 (2.2) 122 (0.5) 207 (42.7) 1.20 (1.08-1.33) 1.04 (0.83-1.31) 1.25 (1.08-1.46)
Male 826 (1.9) 190 (0.4) 206 (34.1) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Age categories, years 0-4 77 (10.1) 5 (0.7) 7 (70.0) 5.07 (4.04-6.38) 1.31 (0.54-3.18) 1.84 (1.21-2.81)
5-14 85 (13.6) 6 (1.1) 9 (60.0) 6.83 (5.50-8.47) 1.98 (0.88-4.47) 1.58 (1.03-2.42)
15-24 204 (2.6) 30 (0.4) 71 (40.8) 1.29 (1.10-1.52) 0.70 (0.47-1.03) 1.07 (0.87-1.33)
25-44 503 (2.0) 138 (0.6) 196 (38.0) 1.00 1.00 1.00
45-64 309 (1.5) 73 (0.4) 98 (34.9) 0.74 (0.65-0.86) 0.64 (0.48-0.85) 0.92 (0.76-1.11)
≥65 263 (1.6) 60 (0.4) 33 (35.1) 0.81 (0.70-0.94) 0.67 (0.50-0.91) 0.92 (0.69-1.24)

Race/ethnicity Hispanic 982 (5.3) 107 (0.6) 111 (38.5) 4.31 (3.64-5.09) 2.62 (1.74-3.95) 0.97 (0.73-1.28)
Asian 197 (1.0) 128 (0.7) 178 (38.2) 0.83 (0.67-1.02) 2.87 (1.92-4.29) 0.96 (0.74-1.25)
Non-Hispanic Black 95 (0.5) 45 (0.2) 79 (35.4) 0.40 (0.31-0.52) 1.02 (0.64-1.63) 0.89 (0.66-1.20)
American Indian 8 (0.7) 2 (0.2) 0 (0) 0.55 (0.27-1.11) 0.73 (0.17-3.06) Undefined
Non-Hispanic multiple 1 (0.8) 1 (0.8) 3 (100) 0.69 (0.10-4.87) 3.66 (0.50-26.66) 2.51 (1.98-3.19)
Unknown 2 (0.8) 0 (0) 2 (50.0) 0.63 (0.16-2.52) undefined 1.26 (0.46-3.44)
Non-Hispanic White 156 (1.2) 29 (0.2) 41 (39.8) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Country of birth Foreign-born nationals 1017 (2.4) 237 (0.6) 316 (37.2) 1.62 (1.45-1.82) 2.15 (1.66-2.79) 0.92 (0.77-1.10)
U.S.-born 419 (1.5) 74 (0.3) 96 (40.5) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Occupation during 2 years prior
to diagnosis
Unemployed 779 (2.1) 155 (0.4) 229 (40.4) 1.10 (0.98-1.22) 0.93 (0.74-1.17) 1.14 (0.97-1.34)
Employed/not seeking empl. 553 (1.9) 130 (0.5) 148 (35.4) 1.00 1.00 1.00
Health care worker 26 (1.2) 7 (0.3) 19 (37.3) 0.65 (0.44-0.96) 0.74 (0.34-1.57) 1.05 (0.72-1.54)
Other employment 553 (1.9) 130 (0.5) 148 (35.4) 1.00 1.00 1.00
Correctional facility resident Yes 15 (0.8) 4 (0.2) 6 (33.3) 0.39 (0.23-0.65) 0.47 (0.18-1.27) 0.87 (0.45-1.69)
No 1425 (2.0) 308 (0.4) 408 (38.2) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Homeless in the year prior to diagnosis Yes 28 (0.6) 9 (0.2) 15 (34.9) 0.28 (0.19-0.41) 0.41 (0.21-0.80) 0.91 (0.60-1.38)
No 1393 (2.1) 300 (0.5) 392 (38.2) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Substance use (alcohol, IDU, non-IDU) Yes 139 (1.1) 33 (0.3) 50 (38.2) 0.50 (0.42-0.59) 0.54 (0.38-0.78) 1.01 (0.80-1.27)
No 1299 (2.2) 279 (0.5) 363 (37.9) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Prior TB diagnosis Yes 35 (1.1) 22 (0.7) 96 (48.5) 0.54 (0.39-0.76) 1.63 (1.06-2.52) 1.36 (1.15-1.61)
No 1397 (2.1) 289 (0.4) 313 (35.6) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Location of TB disease Extrapulmonary (EP) alone 630 (4.7) 70 (0.5) 46 (39.0) 4.34 (3.88-4.86) 1.36 (1.04-1.78) 1.02 (0.81-1.30)
Pulmonary & EP 256 (3.6) 39 (0.6) 32 (34.8) 3.29 (2.84-3.80) 1.39 (0.99-1.96) 0.91 (0.68-1.22)
Pulmonary alone 552 (1.1) 203 (0.4) 334 (38.0) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Sputum microscopy result for AFB Positive 426 (1.3) 137 (0.4) 237 (38.8) 0.65 (0.58-0.74) 1.01 (0.79-1.30) 1.09 (0.92-1.29)
Negative 544 (2.0) 112 (0.4) 140 (35.5) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Sputum culture result for MTBC Positive 673 (1.3) 215 (0.4) 341 (37.7) 0.39 (0.34-0.45) 1.13 (0.77-1.68) 0.94 (0.72-1.21)
Negative 260 (3.4) 28 (0.4) 39 (40.2) 1.00 1.00 1.00

HIV test result Positive 113 (1.9) 23 (0.4) 50 (37.3) 1.45 (1.18-1.79) 0.92 (0.59-1.43) 1.00 (0.78-1.28)
Unknown 929 (2.7) 160 (0.5) 188 (38.7) 2.08 (1.85-2.34) 1.12 (0.89-1.42) 1.03 (0.88-1.21)
Negative 399 (1.3) 129 (0.4) 176 (37.5) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Vital Status at diagnosis Alive 1412 (2.0) 300 (0.4) 408 (38.0) 1.25 (0.86-1.81) 0.62 (0.35-1.11) 1.14 (0.55-2.34)
Dead 28 (1.6) 12 (0.7) 5 (33.3) 1.00 1.00 1.00

Note. MTBC=Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. R=resistant, S=susceptible. IDU=injecting drug use. AFB=acid-fast bacillus.