Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with initial resistance to PZA in MTBC cases (N=73,138)
| Characteristics | No. (%) | Prevalence Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
| PZA- mono-R (n=1,441) |
PZA- poly-R (n=312) |
PZA-R/ MDR (n=414) |
PZA-mono-R vs. Drug susceptible |
PZA-poly-R vs. Drug susceptible |
PZA-R in MDR vs. PZA-S in MDR |
||
| Sex | Female | 612 (2.2) | 122 (0.5) | 207 (42.7) | 1.20 (1.08-1.33) | 1.04 (0.83-1.31) | 1.25 (1.08-1.46) |
| Male | 826 (1.9) | 190 (0.4) | 206 (34.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| Age categories, years | 0-4 | 77 (10.1) | 5 (0.7) | 7 (70.0) | 5.07 (4.04-6.38) | 1.31 (0.54-3.18) | 1.84 (1.21-2.81) |
| 5-14 | 85 (13.6) | 6 (1.1) | 9 (60.0) | 6.83 (5.50-8.47) | 1.98 (0.88-4.47) | 1.58 (1.03-2.42) | |
| 15-24 | 204 (2.6) | 30 (0.4) | 71 (40.8) | 1.29 (1.10-1.52) | 0.70 (0.47-1.03) | 1.07 (0.87-1.33) | |
| 25-44 | 503 (2.0) | 138 (0.6) | 196 (38.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 45-64 | 309 (1.5) | 73 (0.4) | 98 (34.9) | 0.74 (0.65-0.86) | 0.64 (0.48-0.85) | 0.92 (0.76-1.11) | |
| ≥65 | 263 (1.6) | 60 (0.4) | 33 (35.1) | 0.81 (0.70-0.94) | 0.67 (0.50-0.91) | 0.92 (0.69-1.24) | |
|
| |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | Hispanic | 982 (5.3) | 107 (0.6) | 111 (38.5) | 4.31 (3.64-5.09) | 2.62 (1.74-3.95) | 0.97 (0.73-1.28) |
| Asian | 197 (1.0) | 128 (0.7) | 178 (38.2) | 0.83 (0.67-1.02) | 2.87 (1.92-4.29) | 0.96 (0.74-1.25) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 95 (0.5) | 45 (0.2) | 79 (35.4) | 0.40 (0.31-0.52) | 1.02 (0.64-1.63) | 0.89 (0.66-1.20) | |
| American Indian | 8 (0.7) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0.55 (0.27-1.11) | 0.73 (0.17-3.06) | Undefined | |
| Non-Hispanic multiple | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (100) | 0.69 (0.10-4.87) | 3.66 (0.50-26.66) | 2.51 (1.98-3.19) | |
| Unknown | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (50.0) | 0.63 (0.16-2.52) | undefined | 1.26 (0.46-3.44) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 156 (1.2) | 29 (0.2) | 41 (39.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| Country of birth | Foreign-born nationals | 1017 (2.4) | 237 (0.6) | 316 (37.2) | 1.62 (1.45-1.82) | 2.15 (1.66-2.79) | 0.92 (0.77-1.10) |
| U.S.-born | 419 (1.5) | 74 (0.3) | 96 (40.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
|
Occupation during 2 years prior
to diagnosis |
Unemployed | 779 (2.1) | 155 (0.4) | 229 (40.4) | 1.10 (0.98-1.22) | 0.93 (0.74-1.17) | 1.14 (0.97-1.34) |
| Employed/not seeking empl. | 553 (1.9) | 130 (0.5) | 148 (35.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Health care worker | 26 (1.2) | 7 (0.3) | 19 (37.3) | 0.65 (0.44-0.96) | 0.74 (0.34-1.57) | 1.05 (0.72-1.54) | |
| Other employment | 553 (1.9) | 130 (0.5) | 148 (35.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Correctional facility resident | Yes | 15 (0.8) | 4 (0.2) | 6 (33.3) | 0.39 (0.23-0.65) | 0.47 (0.18-1.27) | 0.87 (0.45-1.69) |
| No | 1425 (2.0) | 308 (0.4) | 408 (38.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| Homeless in the year prior to diagnosis | Yes | 28 (0.6) | 9 (0.2) | 15 (34.9) | 0.28 (0.19-0.41) | 0.41 (0.21-0.80) | 0.91 (0.60-1.38) |
| No | 1393 (2.1) | 300 (0.5) | 392 (38.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| Substance use (alcohol, IDU, non-IDU) | Yes | 139 (1.1) | 33 (0.3) | 50 (38.2) | 0.50 (0.42-0.59) | 0.54 (0.38-0.78) | 1.01 (0.80-1.27) |
| No | 1299 (2.2) | 279 (0.5) | 363 (37.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| Prior TB diagnosis | Yes | 35 (1.1) | 22 (0.7) | 96 (48.5) | 0.54 (0.39-0.76) | 1.63 (1.06-2.52) | 1.36 (1.15-1.61) |
| No | 1397 (2.1) | 289 (0.4) | 313 (35.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| Location of TB disease | Extrapulmonary (EP) alone | 630 (4.7) | 70 (0.5) | 46 (39.0) | 4.34 (3.88-4.86) | 1.36 (1.04-1.78) | 1.02 (0.81-1.30) |
| Pulmonary & EP | 256 (3.6) | 39 (0.6) | 32 (34.8) | 3.29 (2.84-3.80) | 1.39 (0.99-1.96) | 0.91 (0.68-1.22) | |
| Pulmonary alone | 552 (1.1) | 203 (0.4) | 334 (38.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| Sputum microscopy result for AFB | Positive | 426 (1.3) | 137 (0.4) | 237 (38.8) | 0.65 (0.58-0.74) | 1.01 (0.79-1.30) | 1.09 (0.92-1.29) |
| Negative | 544 (2.0) | 112 (0.4) | 140 (35.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| Sputum culture result for MTBC | Positive | 673 (1.3) | 215 (0.4) | 341 (37.7) | 0.39 (0.34-0.45) | 1.13 (0.77-1.68) | 0.94 (0.72-1.21) |
| Negative | 260 (3.4) | 28 (0.4) | 39 (40.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| HIV test result | Positive | 113 (1.9) | 23 (0.4) | 50 (37.3) | 1.45 (1.18-1.79) | 0.92 (0.59-1.43) | 1.00 (0.78-1.28) |
| Unknown | 929 (2.7) | 160 (0.5) | 188 (38.7) | 2.08 (1.85-2.34) | 1.12 (0.89-1.42) | 1.03 (0.88-1.21) | |
| Negative | 399 (1.3) | 129 (0.4) | 176 (37.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||||
| Vital Status at diagnosis | Alive | 1412 (2.0) | 300 (0.4) | 408 (38.0) | 1.25 (0.86-1.81) | 0.62 (0.35-1.11) | 1.14 (0.55-2.34) |
| Dead | 28 (1.6) | 12 (0.7) | 5 (33.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Note. MTBC=Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. R=resistant, S=susceptible. IDU=injecting drug use. AFB=acid-fast bacillus.