Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analyses of demographic and laboratory variables associated with acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) infection in children under 5 years of age in Mozambique based on multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (M-qPCR).
Risk factor | ABM (n = 193) | CSF negative (n = 176) | Unadjusted OR [95% CI] | p-value | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age groups, months | ||||||
<1 | 11 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0.0 | 0.999 | ||
1–11 | 124 (64.2) | 73 (41.5) | 3.4 [2.1–5.4] | <0.0001 | 3.9 [1.7–9.0] | 0.002 |
12–23 | 25 (13.0) | 18 (10.2) | 2.7 [1.3–5.5] | 0.006 | 3.3 [0.2–11.9] | 0.066 |
24–59 | 33 (17.1) | 85 (48.3) | 1 | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 96 (49.70) | 97 (55.1) | 1 | |||
Female | 97 (50.3) | 79 (44.3) | 1.2 [0.8–1.9] | 0.302 | ||
CSF appearance | ||||||
CSF clear | 36 (18.7) | 66 (37.5) | 1 | |||
CSF turbid | 154 (79.8) | 102 (58.0) | 2.9 [1.8–4.5] | <0.0001 | 0.8 [0.4–2.0] | 0.878 |
Bloody | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | ||||
Missing cases | 1 (1.0) | 8 (4.5) | ||||
Proteins | ||||||
Negative | 26 (13.5) | 61 (34.7) | 1 | |||
Positive | 75 (38.9) | 27 (15.3) | 3.5 [2.1–5.8] | <0.0001 | 1.9 [2.1–3.5] | 0.035 |
Missing cases | 92 (47.7) | 88 (50.0) | ||||
Leukocyte count, cells/mm 3 | ||||||
<10 | 30 (15.5) | 85 (48.3) | 1 | |||
10–100 | 67 (34.7) | 33 (18.8) | 6.8 [3.0–10.4] | <0.0001 | 8.7 [3.6–21.1] | 0.000 |
>100 | 92 (47.7) | 17(9.7) | 17.6 [3.0–10.4] | <0.0001 | 26.7 8.9–79.1] | 0.000 |
Missing cases | 4 (2.1) | 41 (23.3) | ||||
CSF glucose level, mg/dL | ||||||
>40 | 2 (1.0) | 9 (5.1) | 1 | |||
<40 | 49 (25.4) | 4 (2.3) | 14.1 [4.9–39.9] | <0.0001 | 18.6 [3.5–97.7] | 0.001 |
Missing cases | 142 (73.6) | 163 (92.6) | ||||
Gram Stain results | ||||||
Positive | 137 (71.0) | 56 (31.8%) | 1.4 [1.28–1.54] | <0.0001 | 0.0 | 0.000 |
Negative | 56 (29.0) | 120 (68.2%) | 1 | |||
Hospital | ||||||
HCB | 9 (4.7) | 8 (4.6) | 1 | |||
HCM | 47 (24.3) | 46 (26.1) | 1.1 [0.4–3.81] | 0.855 | ||
HCN | 137 (71.0) | 122 (69.3) | 1.0 [0.7–1.77] | 0.696 |