Table 3. Adjusted Differences in HRQOL Measures in the Groups with Exposure to SHS of <2 h/day and ≥2 h/day Compared with the Unexposed Group.* .
| HRQOL measures | Variable Estimate (SE) | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQ-5D dimension † | |||
| Mobility | |||
| <2 h/day | 0.082 (0.101) | -0.116–0.280 | 0.416 |
| ≥2 h/day | 0.256 (0.158) | -0.055–0.566 | 0.106 |
| Self-care | |||
| <2 h/day | -0.206 (0.184) | -0.568–0.156 | 0.264 |
| ≥2 h/day | 0.468 (0.272) | -0.066–1.003 | 0.086 |
| Usual activities | |||
| <2 h/day | -0.003 (0.125) | -0.249–0.244 | 0.983 |
| ≥2 h/day | 0.341 (0.178) | -0.009–0.691 | 0.056 |
| Pain/discomfort | |||
| <2 h/day | 0.053 (0.083) | -0.111–0.216 | 0.527 |
| ≥2 h/day | 0.266 (0.115) | 0.040–0.491 | 0.021 |
| Anxiety/depression | |||
| <2 h/day | 0.093 (0.096) | -0.095–0.282 | 0.330 |
| ≥2 h/day | 0.264 (0.153) | -0.037–0.565 | 0.085 |
| EQ-5D index | |||
| <2 h/day | -0.006 (0.003) | -0.012 –-0.001 | 0.023 |
| ≥2 h/day | -0.011 (0.004) | -0.020 –-0.002 | 0.013 |
| EQ-VAS score | |||
| <2 h/day | -1.468 (0.491) | -2.433–-0.503 | 0.003 |
| ≥2 h/day | -3.631 (0.814) | -5.229–-2.033 | <0.001 |
HRQOL: health-related quality of life. SHS: second-hand smoke, CI: confidence interval.
*Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, education, employed status, individual economic status, any alcohol use, marital status, and any comorbid condition (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, depression, stroke, osteoarthritis, asthma).
† Calculated using polynomial ordinal logistic regression analysis, evaluating the variable estimate (ß coefficient) for higher problem level in each dimension.