Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants
| Characteristics | Overall (N = 6017) | Never experienced discrimination (n = 4958) | Infrequently experienced discrimination (n = 699) | Frequently experienced discrimination (n = 360) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 67.0 (9.7) | 67.4 (9.7) | 65.2 (9.5) | 65.4 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| 50–60 years | 32.5 % | 30.4 % | 42.1 % | 40.4 % | <0.001 |
| 61–70 years | 34.1 % | 34.6 % | 30.7 % | 34.2 % | |
| >70 years | 33.4 % | 35.0 % | 27.2 % | 25.5 % | |
| Female | 56.3 % | 57.2 % | 51.2 % | 53.9 % | 0.06 |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||
| White | 83.1 % | 84.2 % | 81.6 % | 71.5 % | |
| African American | 8.5 % | 7.6 % | 10.6 % | 15.9 % | |
| Latino | 6.8 % | 6.6 % | 6.3 % | 9.6 % | |
| Other | 1.7 % | 1.6 % | 1.6 % | 3.0 % | |
| Immigrant | 7.8 % | 8.0 % | 6.0 % | 8.8 % | 0.30 |
| Married or partnered | 64.1 % | 64.8 % | 64.7 % | 53.8 % | 0.002 |
| SES measures | |||||
| Less than high school education | 20.5 % | 20.4 % | 13.7 % | 35.8 % | <0.001 |
| Net worth | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 509,982 | 534,135 | 466,308 | 271,297 | <0.001 |
| Median (1st, 3rd quartile) | (1,123,810) 217,540 (55,000, 585,000) | (1,169,770) 239,500 (64,000, 607,000) | (936,110) 181,000 (42,239, 560,000) | (757,835) 80,000 (8,320, 289,316) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 56.4 % | 55.9 % | 56.1 % | 65.2 % | 0.03 |
| Diabetes | 19.1 % | 18.2 % | 19.7 % | 30.7 % | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 14.8 % | 14.7 % | 15.1 % | 15.9 % | 0.83 |
| Chronic lung disease | 10.9 % | 10.3 % | 10.9 % | 18.4 % | 0.001 |
| Heart condition | 24.3 % | 23.4 % | 27.9 % | 29.0 % | 0.03 |
| Stroke | 7.9 % | 7.8 % | 7.0 % | 11.7 % | 0.04 |
| Cognitive impairment | 2.6 % | 2.5 % | 2.5 % | 3.7 % | 0.42 |
| Depression | 20.3 % | 17.6 % | 24.8 % | 48.7 % | <0.001 |
| Other health conditions | |||||
| Ever smoked | 57.6 % | 56.8 % | 59.0 % | 64.8 % | 0.04 |
| Current smoker | 14.1 % | 13.6 % | 13.1 % | 22.6 % | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use | 54.7 % | 55.0 % | 58.0 % | 43.5 % | <0.001 |
| BMI | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 28.3 (5.9) | 28.1 (5.6) | 28.7 (6.5) | 30.2 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Median (1st, 3rd quartile) | 27.4 (24.3, 31.3) | 27.4 (24.2, 31.1) | 27.8 (24.4, 31.9) | 28.7 (25.1, 33.1) | |
| Vigorous activity | 0.12 | ||||
| Every day | 3.5 % | 3.4 % | 3.2 % | 4.3 % | |
| >1 per week | 22.0 % | 22.1 % | 25.2 % | 13.9 % | |
| 1 per week | 9.5 % | 9.6 % | 10.1 % | 8.1 % | |
| 1–3 per month | 7.1 % | 7.2 % | 6.8 % | 6.3 % | |
| Never | 57.9 % | 57.7 % | 54.8 % | 67.5 % | |
| Hearing impaired | 20.0 % | 19.4 % | 22.3 % | 24.8 % | 0.04 |
| Vision impaired | 19.6 % | 18.3 % | 21.4 % | 33.7 % | <0.001 |
| ADL difficulty | 15.4 % | 14.0 % | 16.3 % | 33.0 % | <0.001 |
| ADL dependence | 5.5 % | 4.9 % | 6.1 % | 11.2 % | 0.001 |
| Measures of contact with the health care system | |||||
| Number of times seen a physician in last 2 years | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 10.2 (18.6) | 10.0 (19.0) | 10.0 (14.4) | 14.0 (21.2) | 0.02 |
| Median (1st, 3rd quartile) | 6 (3, 10) | 6 (3, 10) | 6 (3, 12) | 8 (4, 16) | |
| Never | 4.3 % | 4.2 % | 4.1 % | 6.0 % | 0.001 |
| 1–20 times | 84.1 % | 85.0 % | 82.5 % | 74.8 % | |
| >20 times | 11.7 % | 10.9 % | 13.4 % | 19.3 % | |
| Been hospitalized in last 2 years | 25.4 % | 25.1 % | 22.7 % | 34.1 % | 0.002 |
| Been hospitalized in last 2 years | |||||
| Never | 74.7 % | 74.9 % | 77.3 % | 66.1 % | <0.001 |
| Once | 15.4 % | 15.4 % | 14.8 % | 16.3 % | |
| ≥2 times | 9.9 % | 9.7 % | 7.9 % | 17.6 % | |
| Ever overnight in nursing home in last 2 years | 1.9 % | 1.9 % | 2.0 % | 2.2 % | 0.92 |
| Outpatient surgery in last 2 years | 22.6 % | 22.3 % | 23.0 % | 24.8 % | 0.67 |
| Use of home health services | 6.8 % | 6.5 % | 5.5 % | 14.4 % | <0.001 |
| Preventive service in the past 2 years | |||||
| Flu shot | 64.1 % | 64.7 % | 63.5 % | 56.8 % | 0.04 |
| Cholesterol testing | 84.9 % | 85.2 % | 85.4 % | 80.1 % | 0.22 |
| Mammography* | 71.1 % | 71.8 % | 71.0 % | 64.0 % | 0.79 |
Reported values incorporate survey weights to account for the complex survey design
* Mammography use was assessed in women who did not have breast cancer and were willing to complete supplementary module (n = 303)