Table 2.

Healthcare Discrimination and its Association with Disability by 2012

Reported healthcare discrimination in 2008	Risk of new or worsened disability by 2012*
	Unadjusted	Adjusted for age groups	Adjusted for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and healthcare system utilization**
	Hazard Ratio (95 % CI)	Hazard Ratio (95 % CI)	Hazard Ratio (95 % CI)
Never experienced discrimination	–	–	–
Infrequently experienced discrimination	1.12 (0.90–1.40) [p = 0.32]	1.22 (0.98–1.52) [p = 0.08]	1.09 (0.85–1.40) [p = 0.48]
Frequently experienced discrimination	2.07 (1.51–2.85) [p < 0.001]	2.28 (1.66–3.15) [p < 0.001]	1.63 (1.16–2.27) [p = 0.005]

Reported values incorporate survey weights to account for the complex survey design

*Defined participants who died in follow-up without ADL evaluations as ‘No New/Worsen Disability’

**Demographic factors include: age groups, gender, race/ethnicity, education, and net worth. Comorbidities include: high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, lung disease, heart disease, stroke, and depression. Healthcare system utilization includes: hospitalizations, nursing home stays, outpatient surgery visits, clinic or emergency department visits, and use of home health services in the past two years (2006–2008)