Table 2.
Reported healthcare discrimination in 2008 | Risk of new or worsened disability by 2012* | ||
---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted for age groups | Adjusted for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and healthcare system utilization** | |
Hazard Ratio (95 % CI) | Hazard Ratio (95 % CI) | Hazard Ratio (95 % CI) | |
Never experienced discrimination | – | – | – |
Infrequently experienced discrimination | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) [p = 0.32] | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) [p = 0.08] | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) [p = 0.48] |
Frequently experienced discrimination | 2.07 (1.51–2.85) [p < 0.001] | 2.28 (1.66–3.15) [p < 0.001] | 1.63 (1.16–2.27) [p = 0.005] |
Reported values incorporate survey weights to account for the complex survey design
*Defined participants who died in follow-up without ADL evaluations as ‘No New/Worsen Disability’
**Demographic factors include: age groups, gender, race/ethnicity, education, and net worth. Comorbidities include: high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, lung disease, heart disease, stroke, and depression. Healthcare system utilization includes: hospitalizations, nursing home stays, outpatient surgery visits, clinic or emergency department visits, and use of home health services in the past two years (2006–2008)