Table 1.
Risk of bias assessment of included studies
| References | Year | Cochrane Collaboration tool [14] | Intention-to-treat analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomisation | Concealed allocation | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other bias | |||
| Moghadasi and Mohammadi Domieh [62] | 2014 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Celik et al. [60] | 2013 | + | + | − | Blood samples: + Physical/physiological: − |
+ | ? | + | ? |
| Gregory et al. [63] | 2013 | ? | ? | − | − | − | ? | + | ? |
| Asad et al. [64] | 2012 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Hosseini et al. [65] | 2012 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Lo et al. [66] | 2011 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Andersen et al. [67] | 2010 | ? | ? | − | Echocardiography: + VO2max/tissue Doppler: − |
+ | ? | + | ? |
| Hendrickson et al. [30] | 2010 | ? | ? | − | − | ? | − | + | ? |
| Krustrup et al. [68] | 2010 | − | − | − | Echocardiography: + DXA, BP, RHR, FG: − |
− | ? | + | ? |
| Nindl et al. [69] | 2010 | ? | ? | − | − | + | − | + | ? |
| Ozdemir et al. [61] | 2010 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Sedlock et al. [25] | 2010 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Lee et al. [70] | 2009 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Lester et al. [71] | 2009 | + | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Brixius et al. [72] | 2008 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Meyer et al. [17] | 2007 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Ring-Dimitriou et al. [31] | 2007 | ? | ? | − | Blood samples: + BC, aerobic fitness: − |
− | ? | + | ? |
| Beneke and Hutler [36] | 2005 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Hautala et al. [73] | 2004 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Poehlman et al. [74] | 2000 | ? | ? | − | − | − | ? | + | ? |
| Bourque et al. [75] | 1997 | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | + | ? |
| Hubinger and Mackinnon [76] | 1996 | ? | ? | − | − | − | ? | + | ? |
| Suter et al. [77] | 1994 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Garber et al. [78] | 1992 | ? | ? | − | − | − | ? | + | ? |
| Suter and Marti [26] | 1992 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Williams et al. [79] | 1992 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Oja et al. [33] | 1991 | ? | ? | − | − | + | − | + | ? |
| Marti et al. [28] | 1990 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | + |
| Suter et al. [29] | 1990 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Williams et al. [80] | 1990 | ? | + | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Williams et al. [35] | 1990 | ? | ? | − | − | + | − | + | ? |
| Moses et al. [18] | 1989 | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | + | ? |
| Williams et al. [27] | 1989 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Wood et al. [34] | 1988 | ? | + | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Juneau et al. [81] | 1987 | ? | ? | − | − | + | − | + | ? |
| Allen et al. [32] | 1986 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Gossard et al. [16] | 1986 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Hagan et al. [82] | 1986 | ? | ? | − | − | + | − | + | ? |
| Mueller et al. [19] | 1986 | ? | ? | − | − | ? | ? | + | ? |
| Savage et al. [20] | 1986 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Thomas et al. [83] | 1985 | ? | ? | − | − | − | ? | + | ? |
| Iltis et al. [21] | 1984 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Mathur and Toriola [23] | 1984 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Thomas et al. [22] | 1984 | − | ? | − | − | − | ? | + | ? |
| Toriola [24] | 1984 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Williams et al. [84] | 1983 | ? | ? | − | − | − | ? | + | ? |
| Wood et al. [85] | 1983 | ? | + | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Williams et al. [86] | 1982 | ? | ? | − | − | + | ? | + | ? |
| Wilmore et al. [87] | 1980 | + | ? | − | − | + | − | + | ? |
Source of bias: selection bias (randomisation and concealed allocation), performance bias (blinding of participants and personnel), detection bias (blinding of outcome assessment), attrition bias (incomplete outcome data: >20 %), reporting bias (selective reporting) and other source of bias
BC body composition, BP blood pressure, DXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, FG fasting glucose, RHR resting heart rate, VO 2max maximal oxygen uptake, + low risk of bias (plausible bias unlikely to seriously alter the results), − high risk of bias (plausible bias that seriously weakens confidence in the results), ? unclear risk of bias (plausible bias that raises some doubt about the results)