TEM micrographs of untreated E. coli cells (a), E. coli cells after 2 min of treatment with Al2O3-TiO2-Ag (b), E. coli cells after 20 min of treatment with Al2O3-TiO2-Ag (c), and E. coli cells after 60 min of treatment with Al2O3-TiO2-Ag (d). The concentration of Al2O3-TiO2-Ag was 16 g · liter−1. The initial concentration of E. coli cells was 1.0 × 108 CFU · ml−1, and the temperature was 22°C. t, time. C, cell count.