Table 1.
Longitudinal studies of NSSI from community and clinical samples (n = 22)
| Authors | Country | population | Age at baseline | N | Follow-up period | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community samples | ||||||
| You et al., 2012 [16] | China | Community sample | Mean age: 14.63 (SD: 1.25) | 2435 | 6 months | Baseline: 24.9% (12 month prevalence) |
| T1: 13.9% (6 month prevalence) | ||||||
| 10.7% of sample: NSSI at both time points | ||||||
| Franklin et al., 2014 [17] | USA | Community sample | Mean age: 24.37 (SD: 8.28) | 49 | 6 months | Baseline: 100%, (cutting: sum: 248, mean: 5.06, SD: 7.44) Follow-up: 20 reported no cutting during the follow-up (but at baseline); cutting: sum:164, mean: 3.42 (SD: 6.08) |
| Wan et al., 2014 [18] | China | Community sample | Mean age: 16.1 (SD: 2.8), age range: 12–24 years | 13923 | 9 months | Baseline NSSI: 17.0% (12 month prevalence) |
| 3 months follow-up: 10.5% (3 month prevalence) | ||||||
| 6 months follow-up: 7.8% (3 month prevalence) | ||||||
| 9 months follow-up: 8.8% (3 month prevalence) | ||||||
| Hasking et al., 2013 [26]; Tatnell et al., 2014 [36] | Australia | Community sample | Mean age: 13.89 (SD: 0.97), age range: 12–18 years | 1973 | 11.7 months | Baseline: 8.3% (lifetime prevalence) |
| T1: 11.9% | ||||||
| 3.8% initiated NSSI | ||||||
| Modén et al., 2013 [15] | Sweden | Register study of all adults in Scania | Adults | 936449 | 12 months | Incidence rate: 91/100 000 (male), 128/100 000 (female) |
| 19.3% of males with recent NSSI have injured themselves in the three years before, as well as 23.9% of females | ||||||
| Hamza & Willoughby, 2014 [19] | Canada | University sample | Mean age: 19.15 | 666: 466 with past or recent NSSI + 200 controls without NSSI from a larger sample of 1153 | 12 month | Baseline: 38% (lifetime prevalence) |
| T1: 2% (incident NSSI) | ||||||
| Beginners: New NSSI at T1: 5.72% of participants with NSSI | ||||||
| Recovered: lifetime NSSI but no NSSI since one year before baseline: 41,31% | ||||||
| Relapsers: lifetime NSSI, no NSSI one year prior to baseline but NSSI prior to T1: 9.96% | ||||||
| Desisters: NSSI in 12 month prior to baseline but not in 12 month prior to T1: 28.39% | ||||||
| Persisters: NSSI 12 months prior to baseline and T1: 14.62% | ||||||
| You et al., 2014 [20] | China | Community sample | Mean age: 14.63 (SD: 1.25) | 3600 | 12 months | Baseline: 10.3% (6 month prevalence) |
| T1: (6 months follow-up): 12.7% | ||||||
| T2 (12 months follow-up): 9.2% | ||||||
| Martin et al., 2014 [37] | Australia | Community sample | Mean age: 14.87 (SD: 0.95) | 1896 | 12 months | Baseline: 6% |
| T1: 12 months after baseline: 3.7% (incident NSSI) | ||||||
| Prinstein et al., 2010 (Study 1) [12] | USA | Community sample adolescents | 8th grade | 377 | 12 months | Baseline: 7.4% (12 month prevalence) |
| After one year: 3.2% | ||||||
| Glenn & Klonsky, 2011 [21] | USA | College sample screened for NSSI | Mean age: 18.96 (SD: 1.57) | Baseline: 81 12 month follow-up: 51 | 12 months | Baseline: 100% (lifetime prevalence) |
| 52% (6-month prevalence) | ||||||
| 12 month follow up: 62.7% NSSI (12 month prevalence) | ||||||
| Whitlock et al., 2012 [38] | USA | College sample | Mean age: 20.3 (SD: 4) | 1466 | 24 months | Baseline: 13.7% (lifetime prevalence) |
| New NSSI at year 1: 5.2% | ||||||
| New NSSI year 2: 0.8% | ||||||
| Cumulative prevalence: 19.7% | ||||||
| Marshall et al., 2013 [27] | Sweden | Community sample | Mean age: 13.21 (SD: 0.57) | 506 | 24 months | Baseline: 0.20 (6 months: mean of Deliberate Self Harm Inventory item scores) |
| T1: 0.24 | ||||||
| T2: 0.25 | ||||||
| Barrocas et al., 2014 [22] | China | Community sample | Mean age: 16.02 (SD: 0.61) | 617 | 24 months (assessment every 3 months) | T1 (3 months after baseline): 23.8% |
| T2: 17.6% | ||||||
| T3: 17.2% | ||||||
| T4: 11.4% | ||||||
| T5: 13.8% | ||||||
| T6: 12.2% | ||||||
| T7: 11.5% | ||||||
| T8: 11.1% (all 3 months prevalence) | ||||||
| Voon et al., 2014 [28] | Australia | Community sample | Mean age: 13.9 (SD:. 0.99) | 3143 | 24 months | Baseline: 8.1% |
| T1: 24 months after baseline: 10,1% (lifetime prevalence) | ||||||
| Hankin & Abela, 2011 [29] | USA | Community sample | M age = 12.63, SD = 1.25 | 97 at both waves | 30 months | Baseline: 8% (12 month prevalence) |
| Follow up: 18% newly initiated: 14% | ||||||
| Continuation: 50% (n = 4) | ||||||
| Baetens et al., 2014 [30] | Belgium | Community sample | Mean age: 12 years | 533 (all time points) | 30 months | Baseline: 5.15% lifetime prevalence |
| T1: 12 months after baseline: 2.78% (12 month prevalence) | ||||||
| T2: 30 months after baseline: 5.31% (12 month prevalence) | ||||||
| Cumulative: 10.70% (lifetime prevalence) | ||||||
| Clinical samples or clinical studies | ||||||
| Rosenbaum Asarnow et al., 2011 [39] | USA | Participants of depression treatment study x | Mean age: 14.2 (SD: 1.2) | 327 | 6 months | Baseline: 23.9% NSSI alone, 14% NSSI and suicidal attempt |
| T1: 11% incidence rate | ||||||
| Wilkinson et al., 2011 [40] | UK | Participants of depression treatment study | Mean age: 14.2 (SD: 1.2) | 163 | 7 months | Baseline: 36% (1 month prevalence) |
| T1: 37% (during follow-up) | ||||||
| Guerry & Prinstein, 2010 [23] | USA | Child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients | Mean age: 13.51 (SD: 0,75), age range: 12–15 years | 143 | 18 months | Baseline: 67,9% (12 month prevalence) |
| T1: 3 month: 32.7% (last 3 month) | ||||||
| T2: 6 month: 29.0% | ||||||
| T3: 9 months: 34.0% | ||||||
| T4: 15 months: 22.8% | ||||||
| T5: 18 months: 28.4% | ||||||
| Prinstein et al., 2010 (Study 2) [12] | USA | Child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients | Mean age: 13.51 (SD: 0,75), age range: 12–15 years | 140 | 18 months | Baseline 1.14 |
| T1: 9 months: 1.11, T2: 18 months: 1.10 (mean score of NSSI behaviors: 12 month prevalence) | ||||||
| McGlashan et al., 2005 [24] | USA | Patients with personality disorders | Adults, age range: 18-45 | 474 (201 with Borderline Personality disorder) | 24 months | Baseline: 60% |
| T1: 24 months: 30%, remission in 46% | ||||||
| Tuisku et al., 2014 [25] | Finland | Adolescent outpatients | Mean age: 16.5 | 139 | 96 months | Baseline: 32.4% |
| T1: 12 months after baseline: 21.7% (12 months prevalence) | ||||||
| T2: (96 months after baseline): 16.1% | ||||||
T1: first assessment after baseline.
T2-Tx: consecutive assessments.
N is provided for the last wave of the respective studies to describe participants being included in the longitudinal design.
Studies are sorted by follow-up time-frame.