Table 3.
Predictors and protective factors described in longitudinal studies using a NSSI definition
| Domain | Predictor | Number of studies | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal | Predictor for NSSI during follow-up, existing before baseline | Predictor for NSSI during follow-up, measured at baseline | |
| Gender | Female gender | 11 | |
| NSSI | (Previous) NSSI | 6 | 6 |
| Lifetime NSSI methods | 1 | ||
| NSSI thoughts | 1 | ||
| Low implicit and explicit aversion to NSSI stimuli | 1 | ||
| Forecasting future NSSI | 1 | ||
| Suicidality | History of suicide attempt | 3 | |
| Suicidal ideation | 3 | ||
| Psychiatric symptoms | Depressive symptoms | 7 | |
| Conduct disorder/problems | 3 | ||
| Anxiety | 2 | ||
| BPD features (e.g. emotional reactivity, unstable relationship, unstable sense of self-image) | 2 | ||
| Drug and alcohol use impairment | 2 | ||
| Neurologic or psychiatric disease | 1 | ||
| Persistent psychotic experiences | 1 | ||
| Psychological impairment | Psychological distress | 5 | |
| Hopelessness | 2 | ||
| Emotional problems | 1 | ||
| Problem behaviors | 1 | ||
| Lower self-esteem | 1 | ||
| Greater internalizing problems | 1 | ||
| Behavioral impulsivity | 1 | ||
| Negative emotions | 1 | ||
| Rumination | 1 | ||
| Attachment anxiety | 1 | ||
| Life events | More stressful or negative life events | 2 | |
| Early sexual debut | 1 | ||
| Physical and sexual abuse | 1 | ||
| Other | Negative attributional style | 3 | |
| Negative cognitive style | 1 | ||
| Excessive reassurance seeking | 1 | ||
| Being single (male) | 1 | ||
| Non-heterosexual sexual interest | 1 | ||
| Younger age | 1 | ||
| Family | Onset of parental depression | 1 | |
| Lower perceived family support | 1 | ||
| Problems with parents | 1 | ||
| Social | Friends’ engagement in NSSI | 2 | |
| Social adaption problems/ | 1 | ||
| Problems with peers | 1 | ||
| Lack of social support | 1 | ||
| Relationship problems | 1 | ||
| Negative interactions | |||
| Protective | Higher self esteem | 2 | |
| Social support | 1 | ||
| Cognitive reappraisal | 1 | ||
| Parental care | 1 | ||
Number of studies: Number of studies describing the specified predictor.
Only predictors for NSSI at follow-up were included.