Table 1.
Dietary flavonoids and inflammation: evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies
| Reference | Subject description | Product | Dosage/duration of intake | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chun et al. ( 91 ) | 8335 men and women, age 19 years and over | Total flavonoid | Dietary intake | Reduced plasma concentrations of CRP (25–30 %) in flavonoid consumers v. non-consumers |
| Landberg et al. ( 139 ) | 1194–1598 women | Flavonoid-rich foods | Dietary intake | Reduced plasma concentrations of CRP (21 %), IL-18 (20 %) and TNF-R2 (8 %) for ≥ 1 servings/d v. < 1 serving/month |
| Edirisinghe et al. ( 140 ) | Twenty-four overweight men and women | Strawberry anthocyanins | Single dose/6 h | Reduced concentrations of CRP (13 %) and IL-6 (16 %), 6 h following a high-carbohydrate, moderate-fat meal, but no results observed for TNF-α and IL-1β |
| Steptoe et al. ( 141 ) | Thirty-seven non-smoking men, age 18–55 years | Black tea | 1050 mg tea extract/6 weeks | Decreased platelet activation (mean 5·84 v. 6·60 %) and plasma CRP concentrations (mean 0·76 v. 0·97 mg/l) in the treatment group v. placebo group |
| Karlsen et al. ( 142 ) | 120 men and women, age 40–74 years | Anthocyanin extract from bilberries and blackcurrant | 300 mg/d for 3 weeks | Decreased plasma concentrations of IL-8 (25 %), IFN-α (15 %) and RANTES (15 %) in the treatment group v. placebo group, but no results observed for CRP |
| Oyama et al. ( 92 ) | Thirty healthy smokers, mean age 37 years | Green tea catechins | Control dose 0 mg, middle dose 80 mg and high dose 580 mg; 2-week intervention | Decreased concentrations of 8-OHdG (20 %), IL-6 (42 %) and soluble Fas (25 %) in the high-dose group v. catechin-free group at day 14, but no results observed for IL-1β |
| Widlansky et al. ( 143 ) | Sixty-six men and women, average age 54 years | Black tea | 900 ml/d for 4 weeks | No effects observed for plasma CRP and urinary 8-OHdG concentrations |
| Mellen et al. ( 144 ) | Fifty men and women with coronary disease, mean age 58 years | Muscadine grape seeds | 1300 mg/d for 4 weeks | No effects observed for plasma CRP and IL-6 concentrations |
| Heinz et al. ( 145 ) | 120 women, age 30–79 years | Quercetin | 500–1000 mg/d for 12 weeks | No effects observed for plasma IL-6 or TNF-α concentrations |
CRP, C-reactive protein; TNF-R2, TNF receptor 2; IFN-α, interferon-α; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine.