Table 1. Variance in male pre- and postcopulatory success.

	MRS	MMS	PCS	Covariance	D
Unstandardized	0.023	0.009	0.009	0.010	−0.004
Standardized	0.842	0.341	0.316	0.347	−0.162
% Explained	100	40.5	37.5	41.3	−19.2
95% CI		26.0–64.6	24.8–57.3	27.6–59.3	−68.3–12.7

CI, confidence interval; MMS, male mating success; MRS, male reproductive success; PCS, postcopulatory success.

Variance in MRS explained by variance in MMS, PCS and their covariance (n=60) following ref. 26. D represents the remainder term accounting for high-order terms (the products of variances and covariances) and skewness in the data26. 95% CIs were obtained from a bootstrap distribution (10,000 samples with replacement).