Table 1.
Composition and gel times of adhesive mixtures
| Adhesive mixture | Cellulose content (wt% of cured UF) | Quantity (g/100 g adhesive mixture) | Total solid content (%) | Gel time (s) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cellulose | Water | Hardener | ||||
| UF-1 | 0 | 0.00 | 37.50 | – | 62.5 | – |
| UF-1+P1/P2/BC | 0.5 | 0.31 | 37.19 | – | 62.8 | – |
| 1.0 | 0.63 | 36.88 | 63.1 | |||
| 1.5 | 0.94 | 36.56 | 63.4 | |||
| 2.0 | 1.25 | 36.25 | 63.8 | |||
| UF-2 | 0 | 0.00 | 33.34 | 1.94 | 66.7 | 55 |
| UF-2+P1 | 0.5 | 0.30 | 38.16 | 1.79 | 61.8 | 59 |
| 1.0 | 0.56 | 42.28 | 1.66 | 57.7 | 65 | |
| 1.5 | 0.78 | 45.86 | 1.55 | 54.1 | 70 | |
| 2.0 | 0.97 | 49.00 | 1.46 | 51.0 | 73 | |
| UF-2+P2 | 0.5 | 0.30 | 38.16 | 1.79 | 61.8 | 57 |
| 1.0 | 0.55 | 42.29 | 1.66 | 57.7 | 60 | |
| 1.5 | 0.78 | 45.87 | 1.55 | 54.1 | 65 | |
| 2.0 | 0.97 | 49.00 | 1.46 | 51.0 | 68 | |
| UF-2+BC | 0.5 | 0.30 | 38.48 | 1.78 | 61.5 | 60 |
| 1.0 | 0.55 | 42.84 | 1.65 | 57.2 | 67 | |
| 1.5 | 0.77 | 46.60 | 1.53 | 53.4 | 73 | |
| 2.0 | 0.96 | 49.86 | 1.43 | 50.1 | 78 | |
UF-1, UF-2 pure adhesives, Cellulose nanofibrils prepared from P1 untreated pulp, P2 TEMPO-oxidized pulp and BC bacterial cellulose