Table 2.
Baseline Patient Characteristics for Patients With Normal Sinus Rhythm, Overall and by Heart Rate Tertiles
| Variable | Level | Overall (N=26 020) | T1 (33 to 67 bpm) (N=8544) | T2 (68 to 78 bpm) (N=8793) | T3 (79 to 148 bpm) (N=8683) | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Age | Median | 26 020 | 79 | 8544 | 80 | 8793 | 79 | 8683 | 79 | <0.0001 |
| 25th | 72 | 73 | 73 | 72 | ||||||
| 75th | 85 | 86 | 85 | 85 | ||||||
| Gender | Female | 14 448 | 55.5 | 4763 | 55.7 | 4806 | 54.7 | 4879 | 56.2 | 0.1104 |
| Male | 11 572 | 44.5 | 3781 | 44.2 | 3987 | 45.3 | 3804 | 43.8 | ||
| Race | White | 19 799 | 76.9 | 6531 | 77.2 | 6689 | 76.8 | 6579 | 76.5 | 0.0011 |
| Black | 3326 | 12.9 | 1024 | 12.1 | 1103 | 12.7 | 1199 | 13.9 | ||
| Hispanic (any race) | 1586 | 6.2 | 534 | 6.3 | 567 | 6.5 | 485 | 5.6 | ||
| Asian | 366 | 1.4 | 135 | 1.6 | 132 | 1.5 | 99 | 1.15 | ||
| Other (includes UTD) | 682 | 2.6 | 232 | 2.7 | 217 | 2.5 | 233 | 2.71 | ||
| Missing | 261 | 1.0 | 88 | 1.0 | 85 | 1.0 | 88 | 1.0 | ||
| Medical history | ||||||||||
| Chronic or recurrent atrial fib | No | 25 667 | 100 | 8435 | 100 | 8671 | 100 | 8561 | 100 | |
| Atrial flutter | Yes | 325 | 1.3 | 113 | 1.3 | 105 | 1.2 | 107 | 1.2 | 0.7430 |
| COPD or asthma | Yes | 7262 | 28.3 | 2105 | 24.9 | 2327 | 26.8 | 2830 | 33.1 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes—insulin treated | Yes | 4770 | 18.6 | 1690 | 20.0 | 1624 | 18.7 | 1456 | 17.0 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes—non‐insulin‐treated | Yes | 6446 | 25.1 | 2118 | 25.1 | 2196 | 25.3 | 2132 | 24.9 | 0.8153 |
| Hyperlipidemia | Yes | 12 284 | 47.9 | 4282 | 50.8 | 4221 | 48.7 | 3781 | 44.2 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | Yes | 20 076 | 78.2 | 6813 | 80.8 | 6829 | 78.8 | 6434 | 75.2 | <0.0001 |
| PVD | Yes | 3692 | 14.4 | 1254 | 14.9 | 1276 | 14.7 | 1162 | 13.6 | 0.0311 |
| CAD | Yes | 13 628 | 53.1 | 4759 | 56.4 | 4729 | 54.5 | 4140 | 48.4 | <0.0001 |
| Prior MI | Yes | 4902 | 19.1 | 1759 | 20.8 | 1706 | 19.7 | 1437 | 16.8 | <0.0001 |
| CVA/TIA | Yes | 3973 | 15.5 | 1390 | 16.5 | 1378 | 15.9 | 1205 | 14.1 | <0.0001 |
| ICD | Yes | 1770 | 6.9 | 574 | 6.8 | 663 | 7.7 | 533 | 6.2 | 0.0011 |
| Heart failure | Yes | 12 722 | 49.6 | 4242 | 50.3 | 4327 | 49.9 | 4153 | 48.5 | 0.0504 |
| Anemia | Yes | 5011 | 19.5 | 1674 | 19.8 | 1687 | 19.5 | 1650 | 19.3 | 0.6300 |
| Pacemaker | Yes | 2786 | 10.8 | 980 | 11.6 | 1063 | 12.3 | 743 | 8.7 | <0.0001 |
| CRT‐P (CRT‐pacing only) | Yes | 94 | 0.4 | 36 | 0.4 | 31 | 0.4 | 27 | 0.3 | 0.4789 |
| CRT‐D (CRT with ICD) | Yes | 435 | 1.7 | 137 | 1.6 | 183 | 2.1 | 115 | 1.3 | 0.0004 |
| Dialysis (chronic) | Yes | 940 | 3.7 | 266 | 3.1 | 286 | 3.3 | 388 | 4.5 | <0.0001 |
| Renal insufficiency | Yes | 5245 | 20.4 | 1810 | 21.5 | 1775 | 20.5 | 1660 | 19.4 | 0.0037 |
| Depression | Yes | 2594 | 10.1 | 815 | 9.7 | 905 | 10.4 | 874 | 10.2 | 0.2259 |
| Prior PCI | Yes | 2711 | 10.6 | 939 | 11.1 | 975 | 11.2 | 797 | 9.3 | <0.0001 |
| Prior CABG | Yes | 3564 | 13.9 | 1329 | 15.8 | 1216 | 14.0 | 1019 | 11.9 | <0.0001 |
| Valvular heart disease | Yes | 2857 | 11.1 | 940 | 11.1 | 946 | 10.9 | 971 | 11.3 | 0.6651 |
| CABG/PCI undetermined | Yes | 3745 | 14.6 | 1289 | 15.3 | 1366 | 15.7 | 1090 | 12.7 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking | Yes | 2751 | 10.7 | 816 | 9.6 | 894 | 10.3 | 1041 | 12.1 | <0.0001 |
| Diagnosis | ||||||||||
| Cardiac diagnosis | Heart failure with CAD | 11 556 | 44.50 | 4050 | 47.48 | 4008 | 45.65 | 3498 | 40.39 | <0.0001 |
| Confirmed AMI—non‐STEMI | 81 | 0.31 | 24 | 0.28 | 29 | 0.33 | 28 | 0.32 | ||
| Confirmed AMI—STEMI | 8 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.02 | 5 | 0.06 | ||
| Confirmed AMI—STEMI/non‐STEMI unspecified | 11 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.01 | 6 | 0.07 | 4 | 0.05 | ||
| Other | 432 | 1.66 | 140 | 1.64 | 136 | 1.55 | 156 | 1.80 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 24 | 0.09 | 7 | 0.08 | 10 | 0.11 | 7 | 0.08 | ||
| Cerebral vascular disease | 6 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.02 | ||
| Unstable angina | 35 | 0.13 | 18 | 0.21 | 3 | 0.03 | 14 | 0.16 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 58 | 0.22 | 23 | 0.27 | 14 | 0.16 | 21 | 0.24 | ||
| Heart failure, no CAD | 13 759 | 52.98 | 4264 | 49.99 | 4569 | 52.04 | 4926 | 56.88 | ||
| Missing | 50 | 0.19 | 14 | 0.16 | 14 | 0.16 | 22 | 0.25 | ||
| Vital signs at admission | ||||||||||
| Heart rate, bpm | Median | 25 681 | 80 | 8426 | 71 | 8687 | 80 | 8568 | 88 | <0.0001 |
| 25th | 69 | 62 | 70 | 78 | ||||||
| 75th | 93 | 84 | 91 | 101 | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | Median | 25 666 | 142 | 8419 | 147 | 8680 | 141 | 8567 | 137 | <0.0001 |
| 25th | 122 | 127 | 123 | 118 | ||||||
| 75th | 163 | 169 | 163 | 157 | ||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | Median | 25 692 | 73 | 8430 | 72 | 8688 | 73 | 8574 | 73 | 0.0069 |
| 25th | 63 | 62 | 63 | 63 | ||||||
| 75th | 85 | 84 | 85 | 85 | ||||||
| Labs at admission | ||||||||||
| BNP <100 pg/mL | Yes | 1183 | 6.3 | 316 | 5.1 | 404 | 6.4 | 463 | 7.4 | <0.0001 |
| No | 17 626 | 93.7 | 5865 | 94.9 | 5951 | 93.6 | 5810 | 92.6 | ||
| Missing | 7211 | 27.7 | 2363 | 27.7 | 2438 | 27.7 | 2410 | 27.8 | ||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | Median | 23 562 | 1.3 | 7671 | 1.4 | 7972 | 1.3 | 7919 | 1.3 | <0.0001 |
| 25th | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| 75th | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | ||||||
| BUN, mg/dL | Median | 23 352 | 25 | 7613 | 26 | 7903 | 25 | 7836 | 25 | <0.0001 |
| 25th | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | ||||||
| 75th | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | ||||||
| Troponin, ng/dL | Median | 19 600 | 0.05 | 6454 | 0.05 | 6595 | 0.05 | 6551 | 0.06 | <0.0001 |
| 25th | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||||
| 75th | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.13 | ||||||
| Ejection fraction | Median | 26 020 | 45 | 8544 | 50 | 8793 | 45 | 8683 | 40 | <0.0001 |
| 25th | 30 | 30 | 30 | 26 | ||||||
| 75th | 55 | 58 | 55 | 55 | ||||||
AMI indicates acute myocardial infarction; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; bpm, beats per minute; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; CVA/TIA, cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; STEMI, ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction; UTD, unable to determine.