Table 7.
Hazard Ratios for Heart Rate, per 10 bpm (Atrial Fibrillation Patients, n=20 197)
| Outcome | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model (Patient and Hospital Characteristics) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P Value | HR | 95% CI | P Value | |
| Mortality | ||||||
| Heart rate <75 bpm* | 1.074 | 1.033, 1.117 | 0.0003 | 1.084 | 1.039, 1.131 | 0.0002 |
| Heart rate <75 bpm | 1.083 | 1.041, 1.126 | <0.0001 | 1.087 | 1.042, 1.134 | 0.0001 |
| Heart rate ≥75 bpm* | 1.122 | 1.093, 1.151 | <0.0001 | 1.088 | 1.056, 1.120 | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate ≥75 bpm | ||||||
| [0, 30] days | 1.312 | 1.262, 1.364 | <0.0001 | 1.228 | 1.165, 1.294 | <0.0001 |
| [31, 365] days | 1.043 | 1.011, 1.076 | 0.0082 | 1.049 | 1.014, 1.084 | 0.0053 |
| All‐cause readmission | ||||||
| Heart rate <75 bpm* | 1.009 | 0.980, 1.038 | 0.5508 | 1.011 | 0.981, 1.041 | 0.4833 |
| Heart rate <75 bpm | 1.011 | 0.982, 1.040 | 0.4572 | 1.013 | 0.983, 1.043 | 0.4012 |
| Heart rate ≥75 bpm* | 1.026 | 1.004, 1.048 | 0.0224 | 1.033 | 1.010, 1.057 | 0.0046 |
| Heart rate ≥75 bpm | ||||||
| [0, 30] days | 1.094 | 1.062, 1.128 | <0.0001 | 1.107 | 1.073, 1.143 | <0.0001 |
| [31, 365] days | 0.978 | 0.952, 1.006 | 0.1247 | 0.983 | 0.955, 1.012 | 0.2410 |
| Composite readmission/mortality | ||||||
| Heart rate <75 bpm* | 1.008 | 0.982, 1.035 | 0.5531 | 1.012 | 0.984, 1.041 | 0.3902 |
| Heart rate <75 bpm | 1.012 | 0.985, 1.040 | 0.3812 | 1.015 | 0.986, 1.043 | 0.3167 |
| Heart rate ≥75 bpm* | 1.066 | 1.045, 1.086 | <0.0001 | 1.048 | 1.026, 1.071 | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate ≥75 bpm | ||||||
| [0, 30] days | 1.156 | 1.126, 1.186 | <0.0001 | 1.122 | 1.089, 1.155 | <0.0001 |
| [31, 365] days | 0.996 | 0.970, 1.022 | 0.7336 | 0.998 | 0.972, 1.025 | 0.8917 |
bpm indicates beats per minute; HR, hazard ratio.
Ignoring violation of proportional hazards assumption (see text for details), model adjusted for the following covariates: age, gender, race (white vs other), insurance (none, Medicare, Medicaid, other), ejection fraction, history of atrial flutter, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, history of hypertension, history of peripheral vascular disease, prior myocardial infarction, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, history of anemia, history of chronic renal insufficiency, pacemaker, smoking, geographic region, academic or teaching hospital, rural location, hospital size, defect‐free compliance score.