Table 1.
Parameters of vitamin D RCTs
| Reference | Population location | Condition | Age (yrs) | N | Biomarker | Baseline 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | Achieved 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | Vitamin D dose (μg/d) | Duration (wks) | Outcome (P value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 42Gepner, 2012 | Wisconsin | Healthy | 64 ± 3 | 119 | CRP | 75.8 | 120 | 62.5 | 17 | CRP, 0.97 |
| 43Pittas | Boston | Healthy | 71 | 314 | CRP, IL-6 | 71.2 vs. 81·2* | 102.4 vs 73·4 | 500 mg/d Ca + 17.5/d | 156 | CRP, 0.87; IL-6, 0.78 |
| 44Von Hurst, 2010 | New Zealand S. Asian women | Healthy | 42 ± 10 | 81 | CRP, | 21.0 | 80 | 100 | 26 | CRP, 0.05 |
| 45Bjorkman, 2009 | Finland | Long-term care patients | 85 ± 8 | 218 | CRP | 23.8 | 72.6 | 30 | 26 | No change |
| 46Barnes, 2011 | Ireland | Community | 71 ± 4 | 211 | CRP, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α | 55 | 74 | 15 | 22 | p > 0.05 |
| 47 Wood, 2012 | UK | Healthy postmenopausal women | 64 ± 2 | 305 | CRP, ICAMs-1, IL-6 | 32.4 | 65.5, 75.3 | 25 vs 10 | 52 | CRP, 0.73; .ICAMs-1, 0.67; IL-6, 0.84 |
| 48Chandler, 2014 | Massachusetts | Community, African-Americans | 51 | 328 | CRP, IL-6, IL-10, sTNF-R2 | 38 | 115 | 25, 50, 100 | 13 | CRP, 0.91; IL-6, 0.84; IL-10, 0.40; sTNF-R2, 0.35 |
| 49Bischoff-Ferrari, 2012 | Zurich | Healthy women | 63 ± 8 | 20 | Eotaxin, IL-12, MCP-1, MIP-1β | 35.5 | 77.5 | 20 | 17 | Eotaxin, 0.0002; IL-12, <0.001; MCP-1, 0.01; MIP-1β, 0.01 |
| 50Asemi, 2013 | Iran | Pregnant, healthy | 25 ± 4 | 48 | CRP, TAC, | 44.5 | 53.8 | 10 | 9 | CRP, 0.01; TAC, 0.002 |
| 51Jorde, 2010 | Norway | Community, obese | 21–70 | 324 | CRP, ICAM-10, IFN-c, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, | 57 | 101, 134 | 500 or 1000/wk | 52 | p > 0.05 |
| 52Beilfuss, 2012 | Norway | Overweight, obese | 50 | 332 | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α | 54.3 | 99 | 50, 100/wk | 52 | Elevated CRP <0.05; IL-6, 0.08; others >0.05 |
| 53Belenchia, 2013 | Missouri | Obese adolescents | 14 ± 3 | 35 | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α | 49.0 | 98.0 | 100 | 26 | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, >0.05 |
| 54 Carrillo, 2013 | Indiana | Overweight, obese | 26 ± 5 | 23 | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α | 52 | 83.5 | 91 | 12 | CRP, >0.5; IL-6, >0.5; TNF-α, >0.5 |
| 55Zittermann, 2009 | Germany | Overweight, obese | 48 ± 10 | 165 | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α (treatment x time) | 30.0 | 85.5 | 83 | 52 | CRP, 0.48; IL-6, 0.12; TNF-α, 0.049 |
| 56Mason, 2104 | Washington | Obese undergoing weight loss | 60 ± 5 | 120 | CRP | 53.5 | 87.5 | 50 | 52 | CRP, 0.03 |
| 57Wamberg, 2013 | Denmark | Obese | 40 ± 8 | 52 | CRP, IL-6 | 34.5 | 110.2 | 175 | 26 | p > 0.05 |
| 58Hopkins, 2011 | Georgia | Colorectal adenoma patients | 60 ± 8 | 92 | Combined inflammation Score | 52.5 | 72.5 | 20 | 26 | P = 0.003 |
| 59Rahimi-Ardabili, 2012 | Iran | PCOS patients | 27 ± 5 | 50 | CRP | 17.3 | 58.5 | 1250/20 days | 8 | CRP, 0.68 |
| 60Sinha-Hikim, 2014 | California, | Pre-diabetics, African-American and Latino, | 52 ± 7 | 80 | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, | 54.8 | 175 | 305 | 52 | CRP, 0.43; IL-6, 0.67; TNF-α, 0.43 |
| 61Yiu, 2013 | Hong Kong | T2DM patients | 65 ± 9 | 100 | CRP | 52.8 | 139.6 | 125 | 12 | CRP, 0.72 |
| 62Breslavsky, 2013 | Israel | T2DM patients | 66 ± 10 | 47 | CRP | 29.5 | 44 | 25 | 52 | CRP, 0.60 |
| 63Grimnes, 2011 | Norway | Community | 52 ± 9 | 94 | CRP | 42.2 | 142.7 | 1000/wk | 26 | CRP, 0.64; |
| 64Shab-Budarm 2012 | Iran | T2DM patients | 30–60 | 100 | E-selectin | 38.0 | 72 | 25 | 12 | Decreased, 0.035 |
| 65Kampman, 2014 | Denmark | T2DM patients | 62 ± 4 | 16 | CRP, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α | 31.0 | 104 | 140 | 13 | CRP, >0.05; IL-6, 0.41; IL-10, 0.40; TNF-α, 0.63 |
| 66Bucharles, 2011 | Brazil | Hemodialysis patients, renal failure | 59 ± 15 | 30 | CRP, IL-6 | 45.3 | 101 | 1250, then 500/wk | 26 | CRP, 0.04; IL-6, 0.02 |
| 67Alvarez, 2013 | Georgia | Early chronic kidney disease | 63 ± 10 | 46 | IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, | 67.5 | 193 | 1250/wk | 12 | MCP-1, 0.02; others >0.05 |
| 68Sokol, 2012 | New York | cardiac catheterization patients | 55 ± 10 | 90 | IL-6, IL-12, CRP | 32.5 | 100 | 1250/wk D2 | 12 | IL-6, 0.94; IL-12; 0.72; CRP, 0.19 |
| 69Stricker, 2012 | Switzerland | PAD patients | 73 ± 9 | 62 | inflammation parameters | 41 | 61 | 2500 once D2 | 4 | TAT, 0.94; F1+2, 0.54; PAI-1, 0.47; CRP, 0.61 |
| 70Witham, 2010 | Scotland | Systolic heart failure patients | 79 ± 6 | 105 | TNF-α, | 20.5 | 40 | 2500 at baseline, 10 wks D2 | 20 | TNF-α, 0.85 |
| 71Schleithoff, 2006 | Germany | CHF patients | 57 ± 4 | 123 | CRP, IL-10, TNF-α | 38.0 | 103 | 50 | 39 | CRP, 0.25; IL-10, 0.04; TNF-α, 0.006 |
| 72Longenecker, 2012 | Georgia | HIV patients | 47 ± 8 | 45 | CRP, IL-6 | 22.5 | 35 | 100 | 12 | CRP, 0.29; IL-6, 0.01 |
| 73Mahon, 2003 | New York | Multiple sclerosis patients | ns | 39 | TNF-α, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-13, TGF-β | 42.5 | 70 | 25 | 26 | Only TGF-β improved, (no P values) |
| 74Pappa, 2014 | Boston | Children with IBD | 15 ± 3 | 63 | Number of those with elevated CRP, IL-6, ESR | 82.5 vs 70·0 | 75-87 vs 69-74 | 25 in fall, 50 in winter vs. 10* (D2) | 52 | CRP, 0.05; IL-6, 0.04; ESR 0.10 |
| 75Grossmann, 2012 | Georgia | Cystic fibrosis patients | 25 ± 16 | 30 | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18-iBP, TNF-α | 76.5 | 92 | 6250 once | 12 | IL-6, 0.11; IL-8, 0.01; TNF-α, 0·005; others >0.10 |
| 76Shedeed, 2012 | Egypt | Infants, CHF | 10 ± 5 mos | 80 | IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α | 33.5 | 82.2 | 25 | 12 | All improved, P < 0.001 |
| 77Abou-Raya, 2013 | Egypt | Systemic lupus erythematosus patients | 39 ± 6 | 267 | IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, | 19.9 | 49.8 | 94.5 | 52 | All improved, p < 0.05 |
| 78Hansen, 2014 | Wisconsin | Patients with RA | 45–55 | 22 | TNF-α | 62.5 | 75 | 1250/2 wks (D2) | 52 | TNF-α Increased, p = 0.04 |
| 79Arnson, 2013 | Israel | ACS patients | 60 ± 13 | 50 | CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF | 46.7 vs 45.6 | 62.3 vs 57.2 | 100 | 5 days | CRP, 0.03; IL-6, 0.05; IL-8, 0.10; TNF, 0.16 |
| 80Coussens | UK | TB patients | 32 (24–42) | 146 | ESR, CRP, 9 cytokines, 7 chemokines | 23.8 | 108 | 2500 on day 7, 14, 28 and 42 | 8 | CRP, 0.007; ESR, <0.001; CXCL9, <0.001; IL-10, 0.002 |