Table 5.
Multivariate logistic GLMMs assessing risk factors for disrespect and abuse among maternity patients participating in baseline (2012) and endline (2014) surveys of the Heshima project, Kenya. Model includes time of data collection (baseline)*
| Any Humiliation or Disrespect | Physical Abuse | Verbal Abuse | Violation of Privacy | Violation of Confidentiality | Detainment | Abandonment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) | |
| Time Endline | 0.55 (0.40 – 0.75)a | 0.38(0.17 – 0.82)a | 0.57 (0.41 – 0.79)a | 0.66 (0.41 – 1.05)b | 0.33 (0.16 – 0.71)a | 0.09 (0.04 – 0.23)a | 1.25 (0.90 – 1.75) |
| Baseline | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Age (for each additional year) | 1.00 (0.96 – 1.03) | 0.91 (0.84 – 0.99)a | 1.00 (0.96 – 1.04) | 1.03 (0.97 – 1.08) | 1.03 (0.95 – 1.12) | 1.00 (0.93 – 1.08) | 1.01 (0.97 – 1.05) |
| Number previous births | |||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref a | Ref |
| 1-2 | 1.29 (0.89 – 1.88) | 1.31 (0.59 – 2.90) | 1.08 (0.73 – 1.61) | 0.99 (0.57 – 1.74) | 0.96 (0.41 – 2.27) | 2.29 (1.02 – 5.14) | 1.02 (0.69 – 1.51) |
| 3+ | 1.03 (0.54 – 1.94) | 2.28 (0.65 – 8.05) | 1.31 (0.70 – 2.47) | 0.85 (0.34 – 2.17) | 0.64 (0.15 – 2.70) | 3.51 (1.06 – 11.56) | 1.02 (0.53 – 1.95) |
| Wealth | |||||||
| Poorest 33.3 % | Ref | Ref a | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref a | Ref b |
| Middle 33.3 % | 1.33 (0.89 – 1.99) | 2.12 (0.95 – 4.71) | 1.20 (0.79 – 1.81) | 1.66 (0.89 – 3.10) | 2.05 (0.86 – 4.94) | 0.45 (0.21 – 0.96) | 1.61 (1.04 – 2.49) |
| Richest 33.3 % | 1.18 (0.76 – 1.83) | 0.65 (0.22 – 1.88) | 1.02 (0.64 – 1.61) | 1.63 (0.82 – 3.23) | 1.32 (0.48 – 3.63) | 0.22 (0.08 – 0.60) | 1.30 (0.80 – 2.09) |
| Time of Delivery | |||||||
| Day | Ref a | Ref a | Ref a | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Night | 1.37 (1.02 – 1.85) | 2.51 (1.17 – 5.39) | 1.47 (1.07 – 2.01) | 0.96 (0.62 – 1.51) | 1.40 (0.71 – 2.76) | 1.15 (0.62 – 2.12) | 1.14 (0.84 – 1.56) |
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Married/cohabitating | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref a | Ref |
| Not married | 1.28 (0.86 – 1.88) | 1.29 (0.58 – 2.90) | 1.12 (0.74 – 1.69) | 0.81 (0.43 – 1.54) | 1.37 (0.59 – 3.23) | 6.65 (3.27 – 13.51) | 1.12 (0.73 – 1.70) |
| Facility Sector | |||||||
| Government | Ref a | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Private/FBO | 0.37 (0.14 – 0.98) | 1.07 (0.25 – 4.55) | 0.47 (0.18 – 1.18) | 0.58 (0.17 – 1.91) | 0.79 (0.22 – 2.81) | 0.23 (0.03 – 2.12) | 0.52 (0.20 – 1.33) |
| Voucher Status | |||||||
| No vouchers | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Voucher accredited facility | 1.36 (0.63 – 2.95) | 1.88 (0.58 - 6.07) | 1.26 (0.59 – 2.68) | 1.42 (0.54 – 3.71) | 0.86 (0.38 – 1.94) | 1.42 (0.44 – 4.58) | 1.36 (0.61 – 3.00) |
| Main Service Provider | |||||||
| Doctor/Other | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Nurse/Midwife | 0.83 (0.60 – 1.13) | 1.63 (0.77 – 3.47) | 1.02 (0.73 – 1.43) | 1.19 (0.73 – 1.94) | 1.17 (0.56 – 2.45) | 0.92 (0.48 – 1.77) | 0.97 (0.70 – 1.35) |
| Referred to Facility | |||||||
| No | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Ref a | ** |
| Yes | 4.31 (2.27 – 8.20) | ||||||
| Physical abuse ever | |||||||
| No | ** | ** | ** | ** | Ref a | Ref a | ** |
| Yes | 2.46 (1.19 – 5.06) | 2.50 (1.30 – 4.82) | |||||
*Missing values < 3 %
aStatistically significant at p < 0.05
bStatistically significant at p < 0.10
**Variable not included in the model