FIG. 5.

Protective effects of GCE on DNA fragmentation after H/R. Hippocampal cells were cultured under the conditions detailed in Figure 4. Cultures were exposed to hypoxia (1.5 h) on DIV 6, then normoxia for 24 or 48 h, and then fixed. Cells were immunostained with anti-phospho-H2AX antibody. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images. Boxed nuclei are enlarged to show individual puncta (inset, arrowheads). Scale bar=12 μm in all images. (B) Numbers of punctae per nucleus were counted. Bars represent means±SEMs (n=30 nuclei). ***P<.001 [vs. the GCE(−) control group], ^###P<.001 (vs. H/R group) (ANOVA).