Table 2.
Neuroprotective Activities of Seaweeds After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation
| Viability (% of no H/R) | Cytotoxicity (% of no H/R) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Code | 0 μg/mL | 5 μg/mL | 15 μg/mL | 30 μg/mL | 0 μg/mL | 5 μg/mL | 15 μg/mL | 30 μg/mL |
| SW(−) No H/R | 100±5.1 | 100±9.5 | ||||||
| SW(−) H/R | 90.6±2.7# | 116.7±8.2# | ||||||
| SW 01 | 97.5±4.8 | 100.5±10.2 | 101.6±13.8 | 109.6±13.0 | 118.5±12.3 | 103.2±4.8 | ||
| SW 02 | 103.0±14.3 | 84.9±10.2 | 72.4±4.5 | 100.6±12.3 | 124.4±12.8 | 139±7.0 | ||
| SW 03 | 98.9±5.1 | 103.9±17.5 | 93.9±14.4 | 107.2±14.3 | 99.4±2.0 | 112.7±7.8 | ||
| SW 04 | 103.6±9.9 | 108.1±7.0* | 92.7±6.8 | 102±22.2 | 93.8±5.9* | 115.5±8.9 | ||
| SW 05 | 75.4±35.8 | 69.5±14.3 | 57.8±7.0 | 136.3±8.5 | 167.8±28.6 | 158.9±4.9 | ||
| SW 06 | 99.8±2.9 | 96.4±6.7 | 95.0±3.5 | 103.8±11.7 | 110.7±12.3 | 110.3±8.2 | ||
| SW 07 | 92.5±10.1 | 73.3±17.3 | 45.7±6.0 | 118.1±11.5 | 138.7±17.0 | 175.8±33.1 | ||
| SW 08 | 100.1±2.2* | 103.6±5.5 | 93.8±5.4 | 92.4±10.7* | 101.2±9.5 | 104.8±10.3 | ||
| SW 09 | 94.2±13.7 | 91.9±1.1 | 86.2±10.3 | 110.0±8.2 | 114.7±3.3 | 121.9±8.1 | ||
| SW 10 | 94.7±8.2 | 86.0±0.6 | 42.2±2.9 | 112.1±5.5 | 124.5±25.5 | 178.6±5.0 | ||
| SW 11 | 101.3±2.4 | 94.6±15.6 | 75.4±0.8 | 103.2±2.5 | 112.3±12.4 | 136.7±5.9 | ||
| SW 12 | 104.9±6.1 | 106.6±5.9* | 109.4±10.1* | 98.3±4.3 | 96.1±11.4 | 92.5±17.2** | ||
| SW 13 | 108.1±9.6 | 109.8±6.4* | 112.5±8.5* | 94.3±12.2 | 92.0±7.9 | 88.5±10.1** | ||
| SW 14 | 103.0±8.7 | 110.5±12.6 | 110.3±17.9* | 100.8±12.5 | 99.3±16.3 | 91.4±5.6* | ||
| SW 15 | 112.7±2.7* | 116.0±4.4** | 105.1±14.1 | 85.1±8.3** | 84.3±21.2** | 97.3±1.2 | ||
| SW 16 | 108.8±8.5* | 113.5±9.8* | 84.0±22.2 | 96.1±26.0 | 86.5±31.3** | 125.3±23.8 | ||
| SW 17 | 105.3±20.4 | 105.3±4.1 | 111.7±5.5* | 98.2±5.3 | 97.8±16.2 | 89.5±12.5* | ||
| SW 18 | 106.7±7.9 | 109.9±1.9* | 108.3±13.9 | 96.1±18.3 | 91.9±6.2 | 94.0±23.4 | ||
| SW 19 | 103.2±6.8 | 104.5±10.9 | 107.4±8.0 | 102.9±0.8 | 98.8±19.1 | 94.4±9.1 | ||
| SW 20 | 89.2±20.0 | 79.4±9.9 | 63.1±13.7 | 114.6±21.4 | 131.5±14.1 | 151.9±9.7 | ||
| SW 21 | 88.9±14.3 | 62.8±8.2 | 61.1±8.1 | 116.5±26.3 | 155.0±37.7 | 163.4±25.4 | ||
| SW 22 | 73.9±25.0 | 71.8±28.7 | 71.0±4.6 | 135.7±18.7 | 127.9±5.1 | 137.7±33.5 | ||
| SW 23 | 110.1±6.6* | 119.0±3.2** | 104.2±2.8 | 92.5±8.1 | 80.5±10.3** | 99.2±7.0 | ||
Rat hippocampal cultures were grown in the presence of ethanol extracts of 23 different SW and the cultures were exposed to hypoxia (3 h) on DIV 9. After reoxygenation for 96 h (DIV 13), cell viabilities (PI staining) and cytotoxicities (LDH assay) were measured and expressed as percentages of the SW(−) no H/R control groups. Data points represent the means±SEMs of three independent experiments. H/R significantly decreased the viability and increased the cytotoxity of SW(−) cultures (#P<.05). Statistical significance of SW-treated cultures were made versus SW(−) H/R control groups on DIV 13: *P<.05, **P<.01 (ANOVA).
ANOVA, analysis of variance; DIV, days in vitro; H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PI, propidium iodide; SEMs, standard errors of means.