Table 2.

Risk factors for complications following extubation

Outcome measure	Study	Year	Risk factors
Laryngeal injury	Colice et al. [1]	1989	Persistent laryngeal neuromotor activity, tracheostomy
	Kastanos et al. [7]	1983	Severe respiratory failure, high cuff pressure, duration of endotracheal intubation, secretion infection
	Esteller-Moré et al. [31]	2005	Longer duration of intubation, tracheostomy, number of days in the intensive care unit
Laryngeal edema	Darmon et al. [12]	1992	Duration of intubation (>36 hours, female gender)
	François et al. [11]	2007	Trauma at admission, gender (female), short duration of intubation (<7 days), smaller height-to-tube diameter ratio, absence of methylprednisolone pretreatment
Postextubation stridor	Cheng et al. [16]	2006	Gender (female), lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, non-sedation treatment
	Sandhu et al. [21]	2000	Duration of intubation (>3 days)
	Daley et al. [32]	1996	Tracheostomy, time to reintubation
	Ho et al. [17]	1996	Gender (female)
	Jaber et al. [25]	2003	High SAPS II, medical patients, difficult intubation, history of self-extubation, prolonged intubation, high cuff pressure
	Kriner et al. [18]	2005	Gender (female), duration on intubation (>6 days), ration tube size to laryngeal size >45 %
	Wang et al. [19]	2007	Gender (female)
	Maury et al. [20]	2004	Gender (female)
	Erginel et al. [33]	2005	Duration of ventilation (>5 days), body mass index (>26.5)
Reintubation	Daley et al. [32]	1996	Tracheostomy, postextubation stidor
	Jaber et al. [25]	2003	Postextubation stridor
	Epstein and Ciubotaru [3]	1998	APACHE II score, age, cardiopulmonary cause for reintubation
	Sandhu et al. [21]	2000	Duration of previous intubation (>3 days)

Adapted from Wittekamp et al. [4]

SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II