Table 3.
Impact of PI3K inhibitors on interleukins.
| Interleukin | Physiologic function | Th skew | Phenotype in GBM | Phenotype with PI3K inhibition | Overall effect of PI3K inhibitors | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-2 | Proinflammatory | Th1, Th2 | ↓ IL-2; ↓ IL-2Rα | ↓ IL-2; ↓ Response to IL-2; ↓ T-cell proliferation; ↓ T-cell apoptosis | ↓ Antitumor response | [9,27,29-35] |
| IL-4 | Proinflammatory | Th2 | ↑ IL-4 | ↓ IL-4; ↓ Response to IL-4 | ↑ Antitumor response | [27,43-46,48,50-52] |
| IL-10 | Prinflammatory | Th2 | ↑ IL-10 | ↓ IL-10 | ↑ Antitumor response | [40,43,54] |
| IL-12 | Proinflammatory | Th1 | ↓ IL-12 | ↑ IL-12 | ↑ Antitumor response | [31,36-42] |
| IL-13 | Proinflammatory | Th2 | ↑ IL-13; ↑ Mutated receptor (IL3Rα2) | ↓ IL-13 | ↑ Antitumor response | [47-49,53] |
GBM: Glioblastoma; IL13R2: IL-13 receptor α2; IL-2Rα: IL-2 receptor α.