Table 1.
Properties and Comparison of the Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Thiol/Disulfide Systems in Redox Biology
| Parameter | NAD+, NADP+ | References | Thiol/disulfide | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of control | Near-equilibrium system; thermodynamic control | (15) | Nonequilibrium system; kinetic control | (26, 31) |
| Capacity/rates | High flux | (85) | Low fluxa | (85) |
| Stoichiometry | 2 e− | (15) | 1 e− or 2 e− | (16, 55) |
| Nature of redox relationships | Redox coupling | (43, 122) | Redox switch; redox sensing | (37, 51, 90) |
| Biological role | Chemical, metabolic, and energetic organization | (47, 100) | Structural, spatial, and temporal organization | (21, 47, 100) |
| Subcellular distribution | Compartment specific | (22, 42, 46, 86) | Compartment specific; microcompartments | (71) |
| Example | Oxidative phosphorylation; sirtuins | (73) | OxyR; NF-κB; Nrf2; AP-1, HIF-1α | (23, 56, 92, 99, 110, 119) |
For discussion, see text.
a
There are exceptions, for example, the lipoamide in pyruvate dehydrogenase is high flux, likewise ribonucleotide reductase in an S-phase T cell.
HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; NAD, NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; Nrf2, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2.