Table 1. Characteristics of patients with heart failure and controls.
| Heart failure | Control | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 170 | N = 130 | ||
| Age (yr) | 67.2 ± 14.4 | 66.1 ± 10.9 | 0.49 |
| Male gender (%) | 126 (74%) | 95 (73%) | 0.84 |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 4.6 | 25.5 ± 3.6 | 0.03 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82 ± 15 | 88 ± 11 | 0.0005 |
| Hypertension | 68 (40%) | 51 (39%) | 0.89 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 57 (34%) | 29 (22%) | 0.03 |
| Hyperlipidemia # | 63 (37%) | 44 (34%) | 0.56 |
| Smoking | 62 (36%) | 33 (25%) | 0.04 |
| CAD | 111 (65%) | 70 (54%) | 0.04 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LVEF (%) | 40 ± 12 | 69 ± 10 | < 0.0001 |
| LVEDd (mm) | 56 ± 8 | 47 ± 5 | < 0.0001 |
| LVESd (mm) | 45 ± 10 | 29 ± 5 | < 0.0001 |
| LAd (mm) | 44 ± 8 | 36 ± 5 | < 0.0001 |
| Medication | |||
| Statins | 53 (31%) | 38 (29%) | 0.72 |
| ACEi/ARBs | 119 (70%) | 41 (32%) | < 0.0001 |
| Beta-blockers | 95 (56%) | 44 (34%) | 0.0001 |
| Diuretics | 81 (48%) | 26 (20%) | < 0.0001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.4 ± 0.73 | 0.97 ± 0.29 | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 40 ± 19 | 50 ± 20 | < 0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 132 ± 56 | 113 ± 43 | 0.002 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.7 ± 2.0 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 0.004 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 185 ± 37 | 192 ± 45 | 0.23 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl)* | 98 (67–141) | 103 (81–157) | 0.07 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 109 ± 33 | 110 ± 32 | 0.75 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 47 ± 14 | 49 ± 17 | 0.35 |
| hsCRP (ug/ml)* | 4.73 (1.64–10.53) | 1.95 (0.80–5.74) | < 0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP (ng/L)* | 1301 (504–3070) | 72 (39–146) | < 0.0001 |
| TNF-α (ng/ml)* | 2.49 (1.88–3.39) | 2.02 (1.47–2.51) | < 0.0001 |
| Adiponectin (mg/L)* | 10.30 (6.49–11.28) | 6.71 (4.71–9.41) | 0.0001 |
| A-FABP (ng/ml)* | 39.0 (17.9–49.3) | 24.9 (16.2–30.9) | 0.0002 |
| ANGPTL-2 (ng/ml)* | 4.63 (3.43–6.19) | 3.50 (2.78–4.30) | < 0.0001 |
ANGPTL2, angiopoietin-like protein 2; A-FABP, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein; ACEi/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; CAD, coronary artery disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LAd, left atrial dimension; LVEDd, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESd, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
* Presented with median (25th to 75th percentile) and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test
# Hyperlipidemia is defined as total cholesterol ≥ 240mg/dl, triglyceride ≥ 200mg/dl, or current use of lipid-lowering medication