Table 4. Predictors of receiving one or more ultrasound screening annually for 2 years before hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis among patients with viral hepatitis: Log binomial regression.
| Characteristic | Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at HCC diagnosis (years)* | ||||
| <60 | 1.00 (referent) | |||
| 60–69 | 0.998 (0.780, 1.278) | 0.988 | - | - |
| 70–79 | 1.210 (0.936, 1.565) | 0.146 | - | - |
| ≥80 | 1.271 (0.810, 1.996) | 0.296 | - | - |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 0.925 (0.729, 1.175) | 0.524 | - | - |
| Rural residence (yes vs. no) | 0.602 (0.334, 1.084) | 0.091 | - | - |
| Income quintile † | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 1.00 (referent) | |||
| 2 | 1.378 (1.032, 1.841) | 0.030 | - | - |
| 3 | 1.050 (0.756, 1.459) | 0.771 | - | - |
| 4 | 1.307 (0.952, 1.796) | 0.098 | - | - |
| 5 (highest) | 1.287 (0.918, 1.804) | 0.143 | - | - |
| Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index ‡ | ||||
| 0 | 1.00 (referent) | |||
| 1 | 0.952 (0.687, 1.320) | 0.769 | - | - |
| 2 | 0.859 (0.579, 1.274) | 0.448 | - | - |
| 3 or more | 0.788 (0.437, 1.420) | 0.428 | - | - |
| No hospitalisation | 1.210 (0.960, 1.525) | 0.106 | - | - |
| Diabetes diagnosis (yes vs. no) | 0.986 (0.804, 1.209) | 0.889 | - | - |
| Indicators of severe liver disease | ||||
| No ALD + No cirrhosis | 1.163 (0.951, 1.423) | 0.141 | - | - |
| No ALD + Cirrhosis only | 1.142 (0.872, 1.496) | 0.334 | - | - |
| No ALD + Decompensated cirrhosis | 1.032 (0.816, 1.305) | 0.793 | - | - |
| ALD + No cirrhosis | 0.892 (0.254, 3.138) | 0.859 | - | - |
| ALD + Cirrhosis | 0.410 (0.160, 1.053) | 0.064 | 0.375 (0.146, 0.963) | 0.042 |
| ALD + Decompensated cirrhosis | 0.453 (0.267, 0.767) | 0.003 | 0.436 (0.257, 0.738) | 0.002 |
| NAFLD + Cirrhosis | 1.544 (0.741, 3.215) | 0.246 | - | - |
| Outpatient visits in 2 years before HCC diagnosis ¶ | ||||
| 0–20 visits | 1.00 (referent) | |||
| 21–40 visits | 1.735 (1.260, 2.389) | 0.001 | 1.739 (1.264, 2.391) | 0.001 |
| >40 visits | 1.574 (1.143, 2.166) | 0.005 | 1.653 (1.202, 2.273) | 0.002 |
| Viral hepatitis index year ¥ | ||||
| 2000–2001 | 1.00 (referent) | |||
| 2002–2003 | 1.107 (0.704, 1.738) | 0.660 | - | - |
| 2004–2005 | 1.328 (0.798, 2.209) | 0.275 | - | - |
| 2006–2007 | 1.324 (0.699, 2.505) | 0.389 | - | - |
Overall p-values
*Age at HCC diagnosis: p = 0.365 (unadjusted)
†Income quintile: p = 0.243 (unadjusted)
‡Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index: p = 0.2436 (unadjusted)
¶Outpatient visits in 2 years before HCC diagnosis: p = 0.001 (unadjusted); p = 0.002 (adjusted)
¥Viral hepatitis index year: p = 0.673 (unadjusted).
RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.