Table 1.
Host antiviral genes and their functions.
| NAME | GENE DESCRIPTION | KEY ANTI-HIV-1 ROLE(S) | REFS |
|---|---|---|---|
| APOBEC3 (A,B,C,D,F,G,H) | Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like3 | Hypermutation; lethal mutations in viral DNA Inhibition of reverse transcription Inhibition of integration |
26–34 |
| BRD4 | Bromodomain-containing protein 4 | Transcriptional repression of HIV-1 | 35 |
| BST-2/Tetherin | Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 | Blocks release of enveloped viruses | 6, 7 |
| CD74 | HLA-DR antigens-associated invariant chain or CD74 (Cluster of Differentiation 74) | Inhibits viral replication in a cellular overexpression assay | 36 |
| CDKN1A (P21) | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1) | Blocks reverse transcription Blocks RNA transcription by reducing activity of CDK9 |
37, 38 |
| CH25H | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | Inhibits viral entry. | 39 |
| CNP | 2′,3′-Cyclic Nucleotide 3′ Phosphodiesterase | Blocks HIV-1 particle assembly. | 40 |
| CTR9 | Ctr9, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component | Inhibits early events of viral life cycle from reverse transcription to integration | 41 |
| EIF2AK2 (PKR) | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 | Inhibits viral protein translation by protein phosphorylation; promotes innate immune signaling | 42 |
| HERC5 | HECT domain and RLD 5 | Blocks early stage of retroviral particle assembly | 43 |
| IFITM Family (3 members) | Interferon induced transmembrane protein | Inhibition of cytosolic entry | 43 |
| IRF1 | Interferon regulatory factor 1 | Inhibits viral replication in a cellular overexpression assay | 36 |
| IRF7 | Interferon regulatory factor 7 | Inhibits viral replication in a cellular overexpression assay | 36 |
| ISG15 | ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier | Blocks interaction between HIV-1 Gag and Tsg101 (ESCRT-I) required for efficient budding of HIV-1 | 44 |
| LGALS3BP | lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 3 binding protein | Interferes with the maturation and incorporation of HIV-1 Env molecules into virions. | 45 |
| MOV10 | Mov10, Moloney leukemia virus 10, homolog | Inhibits proteolytic processing of Gag and reverse transcription | 46 |
| MX2 | Myxovirus resistance 2 | Inhibits capsid-dependent nuclear import of subviral complexes. | 47–49 |
| PAF1 | Paf1, RNA polymerase II associated factor | Inhibits early events of viral life cycle from reverse transcription to integration | 41 |
| RNASEL | Ribonuclease L (2′,5′-oligoisoadenylate synthetase-dependent) | Cleave single-stranded RNA in U-rich sequences; activate antiviral innate immunity | 50 |
| RSAD2 (Viperin) | Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 | Inhibits viral production | 51 |
| RTF1 | Rtf1, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component | Inhibits early events of viral life cycle from reverse transcription to integration | 41 |
| SAMHD1 | SAM domain and HD domain 1 | Inhibits HIV replication in myeloid cells, probably by regulating cellular dNTP supply | 8 |
| SLFN11 | Schlafen family member 11 | Inhibits viral protein synthesis | 52 |
| SUN2 | Sad1 and UNC84 domain containing 2 | Inhibits viral replication in a cellular overexpression assay | 36 |
| TNFRSF10A | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10a | Inhibits viral replication in a cellular overexpression assay | 36 |
| TRIM family (9 members) | Tripartite motif family | Targeting of viral capsid Inhibition of viral transcription |
9, 53–55 |