Table 2.
Aggregated Graphic Warning Labels’ Effectiveness Relative to Current Text-only Warnings (Betas)
| 18–25 year olds | 26+ year olds | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Gen Pop, n = 602 | AA, n = 600 | Hisp, n = 600 | Low Edu, n = 962 | All, n = 2203a | Gen Pop, n = 644 | AA, n = 600 | Hisp, n = 600 | Low Edu, n = 828 | All, n = 2285a |
| Negative emotions | 0.05 | 0.11** | 0.10* | 0.15** | 0.10** | 0.07 | 0.13** | 0.08 | 0.08* | 0.09** |
| Perceived effectiveness | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.01 |
| Int: talk about the warning | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09* | 0.06* | 0.08** | 0.10** | 0.11** | 0.11** | 0.07 | 0.09** |
| Int: engage in avoidance behaviors | 0.14** | 0.11** | 0.23** | 0.20** | 0.17** | 0.14** | 0.17** | 0.12** | 0.16** | 0.14** |
| Int: hold back from smoking | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.11** | 0.08* | 0.07** | 0.07 | 0.15** | 0.05 | 0.11** | 0.09** |
| Int: talk to someone about quitting | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.09* | 0.05 | 0.05* | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 |
| Int: talk to a medical professional about quitting | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.09** | 0.05* | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| Int: quit | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.07** | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.01 |
Note. AA = African American; Gen Pop = general population; Hisp = Hispanic; Int = intentions; Low Edu = low education smokers. There are no significant differences between the effectiveness of the aggregated graphic warning labels relative to the text-only warnings for the six sub-populations of interest ([AA; 18–25, 26+], [Hisp; 18–25, 26+], and [Low Edu; 18–25, 26+]) and the effectiveness of the aggregated graphic warning labels relative to the text-only warnings for the age-matched general population. All analyses adjust for quitting contemplation, which was not randomly distributed across conditions. Given the oversampling, analyses for all current smokers (All) also adjust for race, education, sex, and age. Betas ≥ |0.10| are bolded to facilitate interpretation of similarly sized effects, since there were a range of sample sizes.
aSample size for all current smokers (All) is less than the sum of the four sub-populations (general population, African American, Hispanic, and low education smokers) because the low education smokers sub-population contains proportionally weighted sub-sets of the African American and Hispanic sub-populations.
*P < .05; **P < .01.