Table 1. Study, exposure, and outcome characteristics (N = 333 articles).
| Variable | Groups | No. of articles reporting | % of articles reporting |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of articles | 333 | 100.0% | |
| Sample size range (N participants) | 39–100 | 36 | 10.8% |
| 101–200 | 84 | 25.2% | |
| 201–300 | 63 | 18.9% | |
| 301–1,000 | 92 | 27.6% | |
| 1,001–48,924 | 58 | 17.4% | |
| Year of publication | 1983–2000 | 38 | 11.4% |
| 2001–2005 | 71 | 21.3% | |
| 2006–2010 | 128 | 38.4% | |
| 2011-September 2013 | 96 | 28.8% | |
| Type of publication | Academic journal | 261 | 78.4% |
| Dissertation/Thesis/Evaluation report | 70 | 21.0% | |
| Book chapter | 2 | 0.6% | |
| Country | United States | 271 | 81.4% |
| United Kingdom | 9 | 2.7% | |
| Australia | 9 | 2.7% | |
| Canada | 7 | 2.1% | |
| The Netherlands | 6 | 1.8% | |
| Finland | 5 | 1.5% | |
| Israel | 4 | 1.2% | |
| Norway | 4 | 1.2% | |
| Spain | 3 | 0.9% | |
| Portugal | 3 | 0.9% | |
| New Zealand | 2 | 0.6% | |
| Barbados | 2 | 0.6% | |
| Other (1 article per country/ region) | 8 | 2.4% | |
| Sampling procedure | Non-representative | 222 | 66.7% |
| Representative | 102 | 30.6% | |
| Other/Not reported | 9 | 2.7% | |
| Data type | Cross-sectional | 299 | 89.8% |
| Longitudinal | 30 | 9.0% | |
| Other | 4 | 1.2% | |
| Exposure instrument name * | Schedule of Racist Events (SRE) | 34 | 10.2% |
| Racism and Life Experience Scales (RaLES) | 20 | 6.0% | |
| Experiences of Discrimination (EOD) | 19 | 5.7% | |
| Perceived Racism Scale (PRS) | 19 | 5.7% | |
| Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS)** | 14 | 4.2% | |
| Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ) | 10 | 3.0% | |
| Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI): public regard subscale | 10 | 3.0% | |
| Nadanolitization scale | 5 | 1.5% | |
| Exposure number of items * | Single item/s | 56 | 16.8% |
| 2–8 items | 117 | 35.1% | |
| 9 or more | 162 | 48.6% | |
| Not reported | 19 | 5.7% | |
| Exposure Cronbach Alpha * | 0.79 or lower | 47 | 14.1% |
| 0.80 or higher | 162 | 48.6% | |
| Not reported | 77 | 23.1% | |
| Mixed (instruments including subscales from both levels) | 10 | 3.0% | |
| Not applicable (single items) | 56 | 16.8% | |
| Exposure type * | Direct | 266 | 79.9% |
| Indirect (e.g., group, vicarious, proxy) | 60 | 18.0% | |
| Internalized | 10 | 3.0% | |
| Mixed (instruments including subscales from both levels) | 12 | 3.6% | |
| Not Reported | 4 | 1.2% | |
| Timeframe of Racism Exposure * | Last month | 12 | 3.6% |
| Last 12 months (includes last 6) | 55 | 16.5% | |
| Last >12 months and < 3 years | 10 | 3.0% | |
| Last 3 years–lifetime | 47 | 14.1% | |
| Not specified | 210 | 63.1% | |
| Mixed (instruments including subscales from both levels) | 15 | 4.5% | |
| Outcomes–negative mental health * | Depression | 124 | 37.2% |
| Psychological stress | 71 | 21.3% | |
| Distress | 61 | 18.3% | |
| Anxiety | 48 | 14.4% | |
| Negative affect | 25 | 7.5% | |
| PTSD and PTS | 16 | 4.8% | |
| Somatization | 13 | 3.9% | |
| Internalizing | 12 | 3.6% | |
| Suicidal ideation, planning, attempts | 12 | 3.6% | |
| General mental health | 12 | 3.6% | |
| Other mental health symptoms (e.g., paranoia, psychoticism) | 12 | 3.6% | |
| Outcomes–positive mental health * | Self esteem | 81 | 24.3% |
| Life satisfaction | 28 | 8.4% | |
| Control/Mastery | 19 | 5.7% | |
| Wellbeing | 10 | 3.0% | |
| Positive affect | 4 | 1.2% | |
| Outcomes–physical health * | Blood pressure & Hypertension | 24 | 7.2% |
| Overweight (BMI, WC, WHR, overweight, obesity) | 17 | 5.1% | |
| Heart conditions/illnesses | 8 | 2.4% | |
| Diabetes | 7 | 2.1% | |
| Cholesterol | 4 | 1.2% | |
| Miscellaneous physical health | 20 | 6.0% | |
| Outcomes–general health * | General health (unspecified/ physical & mental) | 30 | 9.0% |
* Note that numbers do not add to 100% due to articles reporting multiple exposure instrument and multiple outcomes
** Includes Major Discrimination, and instruments from the Detroit Area Study.