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Schematic diagram showing select signaling pathways in melanoma. With activating BRAF mutations present in 50% of melanoma tumors and NRAS mutations present in approximately 20%, the MAP kinase pathway (RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK) plays an important role in the majority of melanomas. However, other pathways also can contribute to pathogenesis and resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibition, such as activation of the PI3K pathway and signaling through COT and CDK4
