Table 3.
Mental health outcomes of maltreatment and being bullied by peers–adjusted analysis (all results are adjusted)
|
Overall mental health problem |
Anxiety |
Depression |
Self-harm and suicidality |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%)* | OR (95% CI) | p value | n (%)* | OR (95% CI) | p value | n (%)* | OR (95% CI) | p value | n (%)* | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Maltreatment, being bullied, or both vs none (not maltreated nor being bullied) | |||||||||||||
| ALSPAC (n=3904) | .. | (n=3904) | .. | .. | (n=3904) | .. | .. | (n=3904) | .. | .. | (n=3904) | .. | |
| None (n=2130) | 330 (15%) | [reference] | .. | 171 (8%) | [reference] | .. | 113 (5%) | [reference] | .. | 150 (7%) | [reference] | .. | |
| Maltreatment only (n=332) | 56 (17%) | 1·1 (0·8–1·5) | 0·474 | 32 (10%) | 1·2 (0·8–1·9) | 0·304 | 23 (7%) | 1·4 (0·9–2·2) | 0·188 | 24 (7%) | 1·0 (0·7–1·6) | 0·857 | |
| Being bullied only (n=1166) | 285 (24%) | 1·8 (1·5–2·2) | <0·0001 | 151 (13%) | 1·7 (1·4–2·2) | <0·0001 | 129 (11%) | 2·3 (1·8–3·0) | <0·0001 | 134 (11%) | 1·7 (1·4–2·2) | <0·0001 | |
| Both (n=276) | 77 (28%) | 2·1 (1·5–2·8) | <0·0001 | 38 (14%) | 1·7 (1·2–2·6) | 0·005 | 39 (14%) | 2·9 (2·0–4·4) | <0·0001 | 35 (13%) | 1·8 (1·2–2·8) | 0·003 | |
| GSMS (N=1273) | (n=1273) | .. | .. | (n=1273) | .. | .. | (n=1273) | .. | .. | (n=1273) | .. | ||
| None (n=682) | 74 (11%) | [reference] | .. | 46 (6%) | [reference] | .. | 29 (2%) | [reference] | .. | 22 (5%) | [reference] | .. | |
| Maltreatment only (n=207) | 50 (17%) | 1·3 (0·7–2·6) | 0·45 | 24 (8%) | 1·1 (0·5–2·5) | 0·89 | 22 (9·5%) | 4·1 (1·5–11·7) | 0·008 | 15 (8·5%) | 1·7 (0·6–4·9) | 0·32 | |
| Being bullied only (n=225) | 41 (36%) | 4·7 (2·5–8·9) | <0·0001 | 34 (25·5%) | 4·9 (2·3–10·4) | <0·0001 | 19 (11%) | 5·8 (2·2–15·1) | <0·0001 | 14 (13%) | 3·0 (1·2–7·7) | 0·02 | |
| Both (n=159) | 43 (30%) | 3·1 (1·4–6·8) | 0·005 | 31 (26%) | 4·5 (1·9–10·7) | <0·0001 | 17 (13·5%) | 5·8 (2·0–17·2) | 0·002 | 13 (10%) | 2·2 (0·6–7·7) | 0·24 | |
| Maltreatment vs being bullied | |||||||||||||
| ALSPAC | .. | (n=1498) | .. | .. | (n=1498) | .. | .. | (n=1498) | .. | .. | (n=1498) | .. | |
| Maltreatment only (n=332) | 56 (17%) | [reference] | .. | 32 (10%) | [reference] | .. | 23 (7%) | [reference] | .. | 24 (7%) | [reference] | .. | |
| Being bullied only (n=1166) | 285 (24%) | 1·6 (1·1–2·2) | 0·005 | 151 (13%) | 1·4 (0·9–2·1) | 0·134 | 129 (11%) | 1·7 (1·1–2·7) | 0·030 | 134 (11%) | 1·7 (1·1–2·6) | 0·029 | |
| GSMS | .. | (n=432) | .. | .. | (n=432) | .. | .. | (n=432) | .. | .. | (n=432) | .. | |
| Maltreatment only (n=207) | 50 (17%) | [reference] | .. | 24 (8%) | [reference] | .. | 22 (9·5%) | [reference] | .. | 15 (8·5%) | [reference] | .. | |
| Being bullied only (n=225) | 41 (36%) | 3·8 (1·8–7·9) | <0·0001 | 34 (25·5%) | 4·9 (2·0–12·0) | <0·0001 | 19 (11%) | 1·3 (0·5–3·7) | 0·60 | 14 (13%) | 1·7 (0·6–5·3) | 0·35 | |
OR=odds ratio. ALSPAC=Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. GSMS=Great Smoky Mountains Study. Being bullied only refers to being bullied by peers in at least one timepoint. Overall mental health problem refers to having anxiety, depression, or self-harm/suicidality. For ALSPAC: adjusted for sex, family adversity during pregnancy and any prenatal maternal mental health problems (anxiety and/or depression). For GSMS: adjusted for sex, socioeconomic status, family instability and family dysfunction; and percentages are weighted; sample sizes are unweighted.
Refers to the number of children who have the associated mental health problem.