Table 4.
A selection of neoteric bio-based solvents that are either commercially available or produced in demonstrator plants.
| Solvent | Source | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|
| Glycerol | Vegetable oil | Cargill [334] |
| Solketal | Vegetable oil | Solvay-Rhodia [335] |
| Glycerol formal | Vegetable oil | Lambiotte & Cie [336] |
| Limonene | Essential oil | Various [337] |
| Lactic acid | Fermentation of carbohydrate | Cellulac [68] |
| Ethyl lactate | Fermentation of carbohydrate | Cellulac [68] |
| Diethyl succinate | Fermentation of carbohydrate | BioAmber [338] |
| Fusel oil | Fermentation of carbohydrate | Various [339] |
| 1,3-Propanediol | Fermentation of carbohydrate | Dupont-Tate & Lyle [261] |
| 1,2-Pentanediol | Reduction of carbohydrate | Pennakem Europa SAS [340] |
| Cyrene | Reduction of carbohydrate | Circa [160] |
| 2-MeTHF | Reduction of carbohydrate | Pennakem Europa SAS [341] |
| γ-Valerolactone | Reduction of carbohydrate | Various [339] |
| Dimethyl isosorbide | Reduction of carbohydrate | Roquette [342,343] |
| Dimethyl ether | Gasification | Chemrec [344] |